Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
SpringerLink
Log in

Emergence of MRSA in the Community

  • Chapter
Antimicrobial Resistance and Implications for the Twenty-First Century

Part of the book series: Emerging Infectious Diseases of the 21 Century ((EIDC))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adcock, P.M., Pastor, P., Medley, F., Patterson, J.E. and Murphy, T.V., (1998), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in two child care centers. J Infect Dis, 178, 577–580.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adem, P.V., Montgomery, C.P., Husain, A.N., Koogler, T.K., Arangelovich, V., Humilier, M., Boyle-Vavra, S. and Daum, R.S., (2005), Staphylococcus aureus sepsis and the Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome in children. N Engl J Med, 353, 1245–1251.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baba, T., Takeuchi, F., Kuroda, M., Yuzawa, H., Aoki, K., Oguchi, A., Nagai, Y., Iwama, N., Asano, K., Naimi, T., Kuroda, H., Cui, L., Yamamoto, K. and Hiramatsu, K., (2002), Genome and virulence determinants of high virulence community-acquired MRSA. Lancet, 359, 1819–1827.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baggett, H.C., Hennessy, T.W., Leman, R., Hamlin, C., Bruden, D., Reasonover, A., Martinez, P. and Butler, J.C., (2003), An outbreak of community-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections in southwestern Alaska. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 24, 397–402.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baggett, H.C., Hennessy, T.W., Rudolph, K., Bruden, D., Reasonover, A., Parkinson, A., Sparks, R., Donlan, R.M., Martinez, P., Mongkolrattanothai, K. and Butler, J.C., (2004), Community-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus associated with antibiotic use and the cytotoxin Panton–Valentine leukocidin during a furunculosis outbreak in rural Alaska. J Infect Dis, 189, 1565–1573.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barber, M. and Rozwadowski-Dowzenko, M., (1948), Infection by penicillin-resistant staphylococci. Lancet, 1, 641–1644.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, F.F., McGehee, R.F., Jr and Finland, M., (1968), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at Boston City Hospital. Bacteriologic and epidemiologic observations. N Engl J Med, 279, 441–448.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Begier, E.M., Frenette, K., Barrett, N.L., Mshar, P., Petit, S., Boxrud, D.J., Watkins-Colwell, K., Wheeler, S., Cebelinski, E.A., Glennen, A., Nguyen, D. and Hadler, J.L., (2004), A high-morbidity outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among players on a college football team, facilitated by cosmetic body shaving and turf burns. Clin Infect Dis, 39, 1446–1453.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhat, N., Wright, J. G., Broder, K.R., Murray, E.L., Greenberg, M.E., Glover, M.J., Likos, A.M., Posey, D.L., Klimov, A., Lindstrom, S.E., Balish, A., Medina, M.J., Wallis, T.R., Guarner, J., Paddock, C.D., Shieh, W.J., Zaki, S.R., Sejvar, J.J., Shay, D.K., Harper, S.A., Cox, N.J., Fukuda, K. and Uyeki, T.M., (2005), Influenza-associated deaths among children in the United States, 2003–2004. N Engl J Med, 353, 2559–2567.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyce, J.M., Cookson, B., Christiansen, K., Hori, S., Vuopio-Varkila, J., Kocagoz, S., Oztop, A.Y., Vandenbroucke-Grauls, C.M., Harbarth, S. and Pittet, D., (2005), Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet Infect Dis, 5, 653–663.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bratu, S., Eramo, A., Kopec, R., Coughlin, E., Ghitan, M., Yost, R., Chapnick, E.K., Landman, D. and Quale, J., (2005), Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospital nursery and maternity units. Emerg Infect Dis, 11, 808–813.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buckingham, S.C., McDougal, L.K., Cathey, L.D., Comeaux, K., Craig, A.S., Fridkin, S.K. and Tenover, F.C., (2004), Emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at a Memphis, Tennessee Children’s Hospital. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 23, 619–624.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, K.M., Vaughn, A.F., Russell, K.L., Smith, B., Jimenez, D.L., Barrozo, C.P., Minarcik, J.R., Crum, N.F. and Ryan, M.A. (2004) Risk factors for community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in an outbreak of disease among military trainees in San Diego, California, in 2002. J Clin Microbiol, 42, 4050–4043.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, C.F. and Chambers, H.F., (2004), Daptomycin: another novel agent for treating infections due to drug-resistant gram-positive pathogens. Clin Infect Dis, 38, 994–1000.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (1999), Four pediatric deaths from community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus—Minnesota and North Dakota, 1997–1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 48, 707–710.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2001), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin or soft tissue infections in a state prison—Mississippi, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 50, 919–922.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2002a), Staphylococcus aureus resistant to vancomycin—United States, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 51, 565–567.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2002b), Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus—Pennsylvania, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 51, 902.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2003a), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections among competitive sports participants—Colorado, Indiana, Pennsylvania, and Los Angeles County, 2000–2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 52, 793.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2003b), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in correctional facilities—Georgia, California, and Texas, 2001–2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 52, 992–996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, (2006), Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 16th informational supplement. M100-S16. Wayne (PA): The Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2004), Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus—New York, 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 53, 322–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2005), Infectious disease and dermatologic conditions in evacuees and rescue workers after Hurricane Katrina—multiple states, August–September, 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 54, 961–964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2006), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections among tattoo recipients—Ohio, Kentucky, and Vermont, 2004–2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 55, 677–679.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cepeda, J.A., Whitehouse, T., Cooper, B., Hails, J., Jones, K., Kwaku, F., Taylor, L., Hayman, S., Cookson, B., Shaw, S., Kibbler, C., Singer, M., Bellingan, G. and Wilson, A.P., (2005), Isolation of patients in single rooms or cohorts to reduce spread of MRSA in intensive-care units: prospective two-centre study. Lancet, 365, 295–304.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chambers, H.F., (2001), The changing epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus? Emerg Infect Dis, 7, 178–182.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chavez-Bueno, S., Bozdogan, B., Katz, K., Bowlware, K.L., Cushion, N., Cavuoti, D., Ahmad, N., McCracken, G.H., Jr and Appelbaum, P.C., (2005), Inducible clindamycin resistance and molecular epidemiologic trends of pediatric community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Dallas, Texas. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 49, 2283–2288.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, A.L., Shuler, C., McAllister, S., Fosheim, G.E., Brown, M.G., Abercrombie, D., Anderson, K., McDougal, L.K., Drenzek, C., Arnold, K., Jernigan, D., Gorwitz, R. (In press) Is Methamphetamine Use a Risk Factor for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infections in the Community? Emerg infect Dis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, B.S., Stone, S.P., Kibbler, C.C., Cookson, B.D., Roberts, J.A., Medley, G.F., Duckworth, G., Lai, R. and Ebrahim, S., (2004), Isolation measures in the hospital management of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): systematic review of the literature. BMJ, 329, 533.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coronado, F., Nicholas, J.A., Wallace, B.J., Kohlerschmidt, D.J., Musser, K., Schoonmaker-Bopp, D.J., Zimmerman, S.M., Boller, A.R., Jernigan, D.B. and Kacica, M.A., (2006), Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections in a religious community. Epidemiol Infect, 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creech, C.B., 2nd, Kernodle, D.S., Alsentzer, A., Wilson, C. and Edwards, K.M., (2005), Increasing rates of nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in healthy children. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 24, 617–621.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diep, B.A., Gill, S.R., Chang, R.F., Phan, T.H., Chen, J.H., Davidson, M.G., Lin, F., Lin, J., Carleton, H.A., Mongodin, E.F., Sensabaugh, G.F. and Perdreau-Remington, F., (2006), Complete genome sequence of USA300, an epidemic clone of community-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet, 367, 731–739.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, M.W., Hospenthal, D.R., Dooley, D.P., Gray, P.J. and Murray, C.K., (2004), Natural history of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization and infection in soldiers. Clin Infect Dis, 39, 971–979.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Enzenauer, R.W., Dotson, C.R., Leonard, T., Jr, Brown, J., 3rd, Pettett, P.G. and Holton, M.E., (1984), Increased incidence of neonatal staphylococcal pyoderma in males. Mil Med, 149, 408–410.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Enzenauer, R.W., Dotson, C.R., Leonard, T., Reuben, L., Bass, J.W. and Brown, J., 3rd (1985) Male predominance in persistent staphylococcal colonization and infection of the newborn. Hawaii Med J, 44, 389–390, 392, 394–396.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Estivariz, C.F., Park, S.Y., Hageman, J.C., Dvorin, J., Melish, M.M., Arpon, R., Coon, P., Slavish, S., Kim, M., McDougal, L.K., Jensen, B., McAllister, S., Lonsway, D., Killgore, G., Effler, P.E., Jernigan, D.B., (2007), Emergence of community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Hawaii, 2001–2003. J Infect, 54, 349–57.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fekety, F.R. and Bennett, I.L., Jr (1959) The epidemiological virulence of staphylococci. Yale J Biol Med, 32, 23–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fey, P.D., Said-Salim, B., Rupp, M.E., Hinrichs, S.H., Boxrud, D.J., Davis, C.C., Kreiswirth, B.N. and Schlievert, P.M., (2003), Comparative molecular analysis of community- or hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 47, 196–203.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fiebelkorn, K.R., Crawford, S.A., McElmeel, M.L. and Jorgensen, J.H., (2003), Practical disk diffusion method for detection of inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci. J Clin Microbiol, 41, 4740–4744.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fine, M.J., Ibrahim, S.A. and Thomas, S.B., (2005), The role of race and genetics in health disparities research. Am J Public Health, 95, 2125–2128.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleisch, F., Zbinden, R., Vanoli, C. and Ruef, C., (2001), Epidemic spread of a single clone of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among injection drug users in Zurich, Switzerland. Clin Infect Dis, 32, 581–586.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, A.L., Marcinak, J.F., Mangat, P.D., Tjhio, J.T., Kelkar, S., Schreckenberger, P.C. and Quinn, J.P., (2002), Clindamycin treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 21, 530–534.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fridkin, S.K., Hageman, J.C., Morrison, M., Sanza, L.T., Como-Sabetti, K., Jernigan, J.A., Harriman, K., Harrison, L.H., Lynfield, R. and Farley, M.M., (2005), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease in three communities. N Engl J Med, 352, 1436–1444.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorwitz, R.J., Jernigan, D.B., Powers, J.H., Jernigan, J.A., and Participants in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Convened Experts’ Meeting on Management of MRSA in the Community, (2006), Strategies for Clinical Management of MRSA in the Community. Available at http://0-www.cdc.gov.mill1.sjlibrary.org/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/ar/CAMRSA_ ExpMtgStrategies.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Gotz, F., (2004), Staphylococci in colonization and disease: prospective targets for drugs and vaccines. Curr Opin Microbiol, 7, 477–487.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Groom, A.V., Wolsey, D.H., Naimi, T.S., Smith, K., Johnson, S., Boxrud, D., Moore, K.A. and Cheek, J.E., (2001), Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a rural American Indian community. JAMA, 286, 1201–1205.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hageman, J.C., Uyeki, T.M., Francis, J.S., Jernigan, D.B., Wheeler, J.G., Bridges, C.B., Barenkamp, S.J., Sievert, D.M., Srinivasan, A., Doherty, M.C., McDougal, L.K., Killgore, G.E., Lopatin, U.A., Coffman, R., MacDonald, J.K., McAllister, S.K., Fosheim, G.E., Patel, J.B. and McDonald, C., (2006), Severe community-acquired pneumonia caused by an emerging strain of Staphylococcus aureus during the 2003–04 influenza season. Emerg Infect Dis, 12, 894–899.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harbarth, S., Francois, P., Shrenzel, J., Fankhauser-Rodriguez, C., Hugonnet, S., Koessler, T., Huyghe, A. and Pittet, D., (2005), Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Switzerland. Emerg Infect Dis, 11, 962–965.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Healy, C.M., Hulten, K.G., Palazzi, D.L., Campbell, J.R. and Baker, C.J., (2004), Emergence of new strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a neonatal intensive care unit. Clin Infect Dis, 39, 1460–1466.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herold, B.C., Immergluck, L.C., Maranan, M.C., Lauderdale, D.S., Gaskin, R.E., Boyle-Vavra, S., Leitch, C.D. and Daum, R.S., (1998), Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children with no identified predisposing risk. JAMA, 279, 593–598.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hidron, A.I., Kourbatova, E.V., Halvosa, J.S., Terrell, B.J., McDougal, L.K., Tenover, F.C., Blumberg, H.M. and King, M.D. (2005) Risk factors for colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in patients admitted to an urban hospital: emergence of community-associated MRSA nasal carriage. Clin Infect Dis, 41, 159–166.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, P.C., Birch, M., Chambers, S., Drinkovic, D., Ellis-Pegler, R.B., Everts, R., Murdoch, D., Pottumarthy, S., Roberts, S.A., Swager, C., Taylor, S.L., Thomas, M.G., Wong, C.G. and Morris, A.J., (2001), Prospective study of 424 cases of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: determination of factors affecting incidence and mortality. Intern Med J, 31, 97–103.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hiramatsu, K., Hanaki, H., Ino, T., Yabuta, K., Oguri, T. and Tenover, F.C., (1997), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain with reduced vancomycin susceptibility. J Antimicrob Chemother, 40, 135–136.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hussain, F.M., Boyle-Vavra, S. and Daum, R.S., (2001), Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in healthy children attending an outpatient pediatric clinic. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 20, 763–767.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, J.H., Tsai, H.Y. and Liu, T.C., (2002), Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in discharging ears. Acta Otolaryngol, 122, 827–830.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iyer, S. and Jones, D.H., (2004), Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infection: a retrospective analysis of clinical presentation and treatment of a local outbreak. J Am Acad Dermatol, 50, 854–858.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jessen, O., Rosendal, K., Bulow, P., Faber, V. and Eriksen, K.R. (1969) Changing staphylococci and staphylococcal infections. A ten-year study of bacteria and cases of bacteremia. N Engl J Med, 281, 627–635.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jevons, M.P., (1961), “Celbenin”-resistance staphylococci. BMJ, 1, 124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, S.L. (2005a) Implications of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a community-acquired pathogen in pediatric patients. Infect Dis Clin North Am, 19, 747–757.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, S.L. (2005b) Treatment of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 24, 457–458.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katayama, Y., Ito, T. and Hiramatsu, K., (2000), A new class of genetic element, staphylococcus cassette chromosome mec, encodes methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 44, 1549–1555.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kazakova, S.V., Hageman, J.C., Matava, M., Srinivasan, A., Phelan, L., Garfinkel, B., Boo, T., McAllister, S., Anderson, J., Jensen, B., Dodson, D., Lonsway, D., McDougal, L.K., Arduino, M., Fraser, V.J., Killgore, G., Tenover, F.C., Cody, S. and Jernigan, D.B. (2005) A clone of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among professional football players. N Engl J Med, 352, 468–475.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King, M.D., Humphrey, B.J., Wang, Y.F., Kourbatova, E.V., Ray, S.M. and Blumberg, H.M., (2006), Emergence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 clone as the predominant cause of skin and soft-tissue infections. Ann Intern Med, 144, 309–317.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirby, W.M.M., (1944), Extraction of a highly potent penicillin inactivator from penicillin resistant staphylococci. Science, 99, 452–453.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klevens, R.M., Edwards, J.R., Tenover, F.C., McDonald, L.C., Horan, T. and Gaynes, R., (2006), Changes in the epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in intensive care units in US hospitals, 1992–2003. Clin Infect Dis, 42, 389–391.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kourbatova, E.V., Halvosa, J.S., King, M.D., Ray, S.M., White, N. and Blumberg, H.M., (2005), Emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 clone as a cause of health care-associated infections among patients with prosthetic joint infections. Am J Infect Control, 33, 385–391.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuehnert, M.J., Kruszon-Moran, D., Hill, H.A., McQuillan, G., McAllister, S.K., Fosheim, G., McDougal, L.K., Chaitram, J., Jensen, B., Fridkin, S.K., Killgore, G. and Tenover, F.C., (2006), Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in the United States, 2001–2002. J Infect Dis, 193, 172–179.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laupland, K.B. and Conly, J.M., (2003), Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus colonization and prophylaxis for infection with topical intranasal mupirocin: an evidence-based review. Clin Infect Dis, 37, 933–938.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, M.C., Rios, A.M., Aten, M.F., Mejias, A., Cavuoti, D., McCracken, G.H., Jr and Hardy, R.D., (2004), Management and outcome of children with skin and soft tissue abscesses caused by community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 23, 123–127.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, N.E., Taylor, M.M., Bancroft, E., Ruane, P.J., Morgan, M., McCoy, L. and Simon, P.A., (2005), Risk factors for community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections among HIV-positive men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis, 40, 1529–1534.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, D.P., Cushing, R.D., Jui, J. and Brown, W.J., (1982), Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in the Detroit Medical Center. Ann Intern Med, 97, 330–338.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lina, G., Piemont, Y., Godail-Gamot, F., Bes, M., Peter, M.O., Gauduchon, V., Vandenesch, F. and Etienne, J., (1999), Involvement of Panton–Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus in primary skin infections and pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis, 29, 1128–1132.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loeb, M., Main, C., Walker-Dilks, C. and Eady, A., (2003), Antimicrobial drugs for treating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4, CD003340.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, X.X., Galiana, A., Pedreira, W., Mowszowicz, M., Christophersen, I., Machiavello, S., Lope, L., Benaderet, S., Buela, F., Vincentino, W., Albini, M., Bertaux, O., Constenla, I., Bagnulo, H., Llosa, L., Ito, T. and Hiramatsu, K., (2005), Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Uruguay. Emerg Infect Dis, 11, 973–976.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maguire, G.P., Arthur, A.D., Boustead, P.J., Dwyer, B. and Currie, B.J., (1996), Emerging epidemic of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in the Northern Territory. Med J Aust, 164, 721–723.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Aguilar, G., Avalos-Mishaan, A., Hulten, K., Hammerman, W., Mason, E.O., Jr and Kaplan, S.L., (2004), Community-acquired, methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus musculoskeletal infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 23, 701–706.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCaig LF, McDonald LC, Mandal S, Jernigan DB., (2006), Staphylococcus aureus-associated skin and soft tissue infections in ambulatory care. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet], 112, Available from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no1/06-0190.htm

    Google Scholar 

  • McDougal, L.K., Steward, C.D., Killgore, G.E., Chaitram, J.M., McAllister, S.K. and Tenover, F.C., (2003), Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the United States: establishing a national database. J Clin Microbiol, 41, 5113–5120.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, L.G., Perdreau-Remington, F., Rieg, G., Mehdi, S., Perlroth, J., Bayer, A.S., Tang, A.W., Phung, T.O. and Spellberg, B., (2005), Necrotizing fasciitis caused by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Los Angeles. N Engl J Med, 352, 1445–1453.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mishaan, A.M., Mason, E.O., Jr, Martinez-Aguilar, G., Hammerman, W., Propst, J.J., Lupski, J.R., Stankiewicz, P., Kaplan, S.L. and Hulten, K., (2005), Emergence of a predominant clone of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus among children in Houston, Texas. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 24, 201–206.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mongkolrattanothai, K., Boyle, S., Kahana, M.D. and Daum, R.S. (2003) Severe Staphylococcus aureus infections caused by clonally related community-acquired methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant isolates. Clin Infect Dis, 37, 1050–1058.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moran, G.J., Amii, R.N., Abrahamian, F.M. and Talan, D.A., (2005), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in community-acquired skin infections. Emerg Infect Dis, 11, 928–930.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moran, G.J., Krishnadasan, A., Gorwitz, R.J., Fosheim, G.E., McDougal, L.K., Carey, R.B. and Talan, D.A., (2006), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections among emergency department patients in 11 U.S. cities. N Engl J Med, 355, 666–674.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mortimer, E.A., Lipsitz, P.J., Wolinksky, E., Gonzaga, A.J. and Rammelkamp, C.H., (1962), Transmission of Staphylococci between newborns: importance of the hands of personnel. Am J Dis Child, 104, 289–295.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mulligan, M.E., Murray-Leisure, K.A., Ribner, B.S., Standiford, H.C., John, J.F., Korvick, J.A., Kauffman, C.A. and Yu, V.L. (1993) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a consensus review of the microbiology, pathogenesis, and epidemiology with implications for prevention and management. Am J Med, 94, 313–328.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mulvey, M.R., MacDougall, L., Cholin, B., Horsman, G., Fidyk, M. and Woods, S., (2005), Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis, 11, 844–850.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naimi, T.S., Ledell, K.H., Boxrud, D.J., Groom, A.V., Steward, C.D., Johnson, S.K., Besser, J.M., O’Boyle, C., Danila, R.N., Cheek, J.E., Osterholm, M.T., Moore, K.A. and Smith, K.E., (2001), Epidemiology and clonality of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Minnesota, 1996–1998. Clin Infect Dis, 33, 990–996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naimi, T.S., Ledell, K.H., Como-Sabetti, K., Borchardt, S.M., Boxrud, D.J., Etienne, J., Johnson, S.K., Vandenesch, F., Fridkin, S., O’Boyle, C., Danila, R.N. and Lynfield, R., (2003), Comparison of community- and health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. JAMA, 290, 2976–2984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen, D.M., Mascola, L. and Brancoft, E., (2005), Recurring methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in a football team. Emerg Infect Dis, 11, 526–532.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nijssen, S., Bonten, M.J. and Weinstein, R.A., (2005), Are active microbiological surveillance and subsequent isolation needed to prevent the spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus? Clin Infect Dis, 40, 405–409.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ochoa, T.J., Mohr, J., Wanger, A., Murphy, J.R. and Heresi, G.P. (2005) Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pediatric patients. Emerg Infect Dis, 11, 966–968.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ogston, A., (1882), Micrococcus poisoning. J Anat, 17, 24–58.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panlilio, A.L., Culver, D.H., Gaynes, R.P., Banerjee, S., Henderson, T.S., Tolson, J.S. and Martone, W.J. (1992) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in U.S. hospitals, 1975–1991. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 13, 582–586.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panton, P.N. and Valentine, F.C., (1932), Staphylococcal toxin. Lancet, 222, 506–508.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perl, T.M., Cullen, J.J., Wenzel, R.P., Zimmerman, M.B., Pfaller, M.A., Sheppard, D., Twombley, J., French, P.P. and Herwaldt, L.A. (2002) Intranasal mupirocin to prevent postoperative Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med, 346, 1871–1877.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Podewils, L.J., Liedtke, L.A., McDonald, L.C., Hageman, J.C., Strausbaugh, L.J., Fischer, T.K., Jernigan, D.B., Uyeki, T.M. and Kuehnert, M.J., (2005), A national survey of severe influenza-associated complications among children and adults, 2003–2004. Clin Infect Dis, 40, 1693–1696.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, S., Rodriguez, W., Controni, G. and Khan, W., (1974), Staphylococcal susceptibility to penicillin G. The changing pattern among community strains. JAMA, 229, 1075–1077.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sa-Leao, R., Sanches, I.S., Couto, I., Alves, C.R. and de Lencastre, H., (2001), Low prevalence of methicillin-resistant strains among Staphylococcus aureus colonizing young and healthy members of the community in Portugal. Microb Drug Resist, 7, 237–245.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saiman, L., O’Keefe, M., Graham, P.L., 3rd, Wu, F., Said-Salim, B., Kreiswirth, B., Lasala, A., Schlievert, P.M. and Della-Latta, P., (2003), Hospital transmission of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among postpartum women. Clin Infect Dis, 37, 1313–1319.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santos, F., Mankarious, L.A. and Eavey, R.D., (2000), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: pediatric otitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 126, 1383–1385.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saravolatz, L.D., Markowitz, N., Arking, L., Pohlod, D. and Fisher, E., (1982), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Epidemiologic observations during a community-acquired outbreak. Ann Intern Med, 96, 11–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sattler, C.A., Mason, E.O., Jr and Kaplan, S.L., (2002), Prospective comparison of risk factors and demographic and clinical characteristics of community-acquired, methicillin-resistant versus methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus infection in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 21, 910–917.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sehulster, L. and Chinn, R.Y., (2003), Guidelines for environmental infection control in health-care facilities. Recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). MMWR Recomm Rep, 52, 1–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seybold, U., Kourbatova, E.V., Johnson, J.G., Halvosa, S.J., Wang, Y.F., King, M.D., Ray, S.M. and Blumberg, H.M., (2006), Emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 genotype as a major cause of health care-associated blood stream infections. Clin Infect Dis, 42, 647–656.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shinefield, H.R. and Black, S., (2005), Prevention of Staphylococcus aureus infections: advances in vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines, 4, 669–676.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shopsin, B., Mathema, B., Martinez, J., Ha, E., Campo, M.L., Fierman, A., Krasinski, K., Kornblum, J., Alcabes, P., Waddington, M., Riehman, M. and Kreiswirth, B.N., (2000), Prevalence of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in the community. J Infect Dis, 182, 359–362.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siberry, G.K., Tekle, T., Carroll, K. and Dick, J., (2003), Failure of clindamycin treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus expressing inducible clindamycin resistance in vitro. Clin Infect Dis, 37, 1257–1260.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, J.D., Rhinehart, E., Jackson, M., Chiarello, L., Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee, (2007), Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings 2007. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/guidelines/Isolation2007.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Stacey, A.R., Endersby, K.E., Chan, P.C. and Marples, R.R., (1998), An outbreak of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in a rugby football team. Br J Sports Med, 32, 153–154.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, D.L., Bisno, A.L., Chambers, H.F., Everett, E.D., Dellinger, P., Goldstein, E.J., Gorbach, S.L., Hirschmann, J.V., Kaplan, E.L., Montoya, J.G. and Wade, J.C., (2005), Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft-tissue infections. Clin Infect Dis, 41, 1373–1406.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, K.B., Searle, K., Stoddard, G.J. and Samore, M., (2005), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci in rural communities, western United States. Emerg Infect Dis, 11, 895–903.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strausbaugh, L.J., Jacobson, C., Sewell, D.L., Potter, S. and Ward, T.T., (1992), Antimicrobial therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in residents and staff of a Veterans Affairs nursing home care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 13, 151–159.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, D.J., Gezon, H.M., Hatch, T.F., Rycheck, R.R. and Rogers, K.D., (1963), Sex distribution of Staphylococcus aureus colonization and disease in newborn infant. N Engl J Med, 269, 337–341.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, D.J., Gezon, H.M., Rogers, K.D., Yee, R.B. and Hatch, T.F., (1966), Excess risk of staphylococcal infection and disease in newborn males. Am J Epidemiol, 84, 314–328.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • VandenBergh, M.F., Yzerman, E.P., Van Belkum, A., Boelens, H.A., Sijmons, M. and Verbrugh, H.A. (1999) Follow-up of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage after 8 years: redefining the persistent carrier state. J Clin Microbiol, 37, 3133–3140.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vandenbroucke-Grauls, C.M., (1996), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus control in hospitals: the Dutch experience. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 17, 512–513.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vandenesch, F., Naimi, T., Enright, M.C., Lina, G., Nimmo, G.R., Heffernan, H., Liassine, N., Bes, M., Greenland, T., Reverdy, M.E. and Etienne, J., (2003), Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying Panton–Valentine leukocidin genes: worldwide emergence. Emerg Infect Dis, 9, 978–984.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vetter, R.S. and Bush, S.P., (2002), Reports of presumptive brown recluse spider bites reinforce improbable diagnosis in regions of North America where the spider is not endemic. Clin Infect Dis, 35, 442–445.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • von Eiff, C., Becker, K., Machka, K., Stammer, H. and Peters, G. (2001) Nasal carriage as a source of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Study Group. N Engl J Med, 344, 11–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J., Barth, S., Richardson, M., Corson, K. and Mader, J. (2003) An outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus cutaneous infection in a saturation diving facility. Undersea Hyperb Med, 30, 277–284.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, J.T., (2005), Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis, 41 (Suppl 4), S269–S272.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weese, J.S., Archambault, M., Willey, B.M., Hearn, P., Kreiswirth, B.N., Said-Salim, B., McGeer, A., Likhoshvay, Y., Prescott, J.F. and Low, D.E., (2005), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in horses and horse personnel, 2000–2002. Emerg Infect Dis, 11, 430–435.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weigel, L.M., Clewell, D.B., Gill, S.R., Clark, N.C., McDougal, L.K., Flannagan, S.E., Kolonay, J.F., Shetty, J., Killgore, G.E. and Tenover, F.C., (2003), Genetic analysis of a high-level vancomycin-resistant isolate of Staphylococcus aureus. Science, 302, 1569–1571.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R.E.O., (1963), Healthy carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: its prevalence and importance. Bacteriol Rev, 27, 56–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolinksky, E., Lipsitz, P.J., Mortimer, E.A. and Rammelkamp, C.H. (1960) Acquisition of Staphylococci by newborns: direct versus indirect transmission. Lancet, 2, 620–622.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wootton, S.H., Arnold, K., Hill, H.A., McAllister, S., Ray, M., Kellum, M., Lamarre, M., Lane, M.E., Chaitram, J., Lance-Parker, S. and Kuehnert, M.J., (2004), Intervention to reduce the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections in a correctional facility in Georgia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 25, 402–407.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young, D.M., Harris, H.W., Charlebois, E.D., Chambers, H., Campbell, A., Perdreau-Remington, F., Lee, C., Mankani, M., Mackersie, R. and Schecter, W.P., (2004), An epidemic of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus soft tissue infections among medically underserved patients. Arch Surg, 139, 947–951; discussion 951–953.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zinderman, C.E., Conner, B., Malakooti, M.A., Lamar, J.E., Armstrong, A. and Bohnker, B.K., (2004), Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among military recruits. Emerg Infect Dis, 10, 941–944.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Adam L. Cohen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rachel Gorwitz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Daniel B. Jernigan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Infectious Disease, St. Michael’s Hospital, 30 Bond St., Suite 4179 Cardinal Carter Wing, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada

    I. W. Fong (Director) (Director)

  2. International Center for Public Health, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103-3535, USA

    Karl Drlica

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cohen, A.L., Gorwitz, R., Jernigan, D.B. (2008). Emergence of MRSA in the Community. In: Fong, I.W., Drlica, K. (eds) Antimicrobial Resistance and Implications for the Twenty-First Century. Emerging Infectious Diseases of the 21st Century. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72418-8_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation