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Anatomical Characteristics of Norepinephrine Axons in the Prefrontal Cortex: Unexpected Findings That May Indicate Low Activity State in Naïve Animals

  • Chapter
Monoaminergic Modulation of Cortical Excitability

The catecholamine norepinephrine (NE) critically regulates information processing within the central nervous system. Along with dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT; 5-hydroxytryptamine), the NE system forms an essential component of the modulatory brainstem innervation that ascends directly to the cerebral cortex without first being relayed through the thalamus. Within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in particular, NE is known to modulate the essential cognitive and affective functions of this region, with animal studies demonstrating that normal NE innervation to the PFC is necessary for working memory, attention, and arousal (Robbins, 1984; Aston-Jones et al., 1999; Berridge, 2001; Berridge and Waterhouse, 2003; Arnsten and Li, 2005; Lapiz and Morilak, 2006).

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  1. Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 15260, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Lee Ann H. Miner & Susan R. Sesack

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  1. Lee Ann H. Miner
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  1. Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 60064, North Chicago, IL, USA

    Kuei-Yuan Tseng

  2. University of Texas, 75080, Dallas, TX, USA

    Marco Atzori

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Miner, L.A.H., Sesack, S.R. (2007). Anatomical Characteristics of Norepinephrine Axons in the Prefrontal Cortex: Unexpected Findings That May Indicate Low Activity State in Naïve Animals. In: Tseng, KY., Atzori, M. (eds) Monoaminergic Modulation of Cortical Excitability. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72256-6_3

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