The body is under constant threat of attack by viruses, bacteria, and parasites, and most pathogens use the mucosae as portals of entry. Evolution has therefore provided mammalians with several complex and potent layers of defense. Microorganisms have inhabited Earth for at least 2.5 billion years, and the power of immunity is a result of coevolution in which particularly the commensal bacteria have shaped the body’s defense functions in a state of mutualism (Bäckhed et al., 2005; Hooper and Gordon, 2001). In humans, the critical role of the immune system becomes clinically apparent when it is defective. Thus, inherited and acquired immunodeficiency states, or more subtle immunoregulatory defects, are characterized by increased susceptibility to infectious diseases—sometimes caused by the commensal microbiota that is normally considered to be nonpathogenic (Haller and Jobin, 2004; Sansonetti, 2004; Yan and Polk, 2004).
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Brandtzaeg, P., Johansen, FE. (2007). IgA and Intestinal Homeostasis. In: Kaetzel, C.S. (eds) Mucosal Immune Defense: Immunoglobulin A. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72232-0_10
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