This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Stanhope KJ, Mclenachan AP, Dourish CT. Dissociation between cognitive and motor/motivational deficits in the delayed matching to position test: effects of scopolamine, 8-OH-DPAT and EAA antagonists. Psychopharmacology. 1995;122:268–280.
Francis PT, Palmer AM, Snape M, Wilcock GK. The cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: a review of progress. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999;66:137–147.
Davis KL, Mohs RC, Marin D, et al. Cholinergic markers in elderly patients with early signs of Alzheimer disease. JAMA 1999;281:1401–1406.
DeKosky ST, Ikonomovic MD, Styren SD, et al. Upregulation of choline acetyltransferase activity in hippocampus and frontal cortex of elderly subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Ann Neurol 2002;51:145–155.
Court J, Martin-Ruiz C, Piggott M, et al. Nicotinic receptor abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry 2001;49:175–184.
Lai MK, Lai OF, Keene J, et al. Psychosis of Alzheimer's disease is associated with elevated muscarinic M2 binding in the cortex. Neurology 2001;57:805–811.
Warpman U, Alafuzoff I, Nordberg A. Coupling of muscarinic receptors to GTP proteins in postmortem human brain: alterations in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 1993;150:39–43.
Perry EK, Morris CM, Court JA, et al. Alteration in nicotine binding sites in Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia and Alzheimer's: possible index of early neuropathology. Neuroscience 1995;64:385–395.
Francis PT, Sims NR, Procter AW, Bowen DM. Cortical pyramidal neurone loss may cause glutamatergic hypoactivity and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease: investigative and therapeutic perspectives. J Neurochem 1993;60:1589–1604.
Dijk SN, Francis PT, Stratmann GC, Bowen DM. Cholinomimetics increase glutamate outflow by an action on the corticostriatal pathway: implications for Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 1995;65:2165–2169.
Wilkinson DG, Francis PT, Schwam E, Payne-Parrish J. Cholinesterase inhibitors used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: the relationship between pharmacological effects and clinical efficacy. Drugs Aging 2004;21:453–478.
Gauthier S, Feldman H, Hecker J, et al. Efficacy of donepezil on behavioral symptoms in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. Int Psychogeriatr 2002;14:389–404.
Minger SL, Esiri MM, McDonald B, et al. Cholinergic deficits contribute to behavioural disturbance in patients with dementia. Neurology 2000;55:1460–1467.
Fonnum F. Glutamate: a neurotransmitter in mammalian brain. J Neurochem 1984;42:1–11.
Morrison JH, Hof PR. Life and death of neurons in the aging brain. Science. 1997;278:412–419.
Greenamyre JT, Maragos WF, Albin RL, et al. Glutamate transmission and excitotxicity in Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol 1988;12:421–430.
Greenamyre JT, Penney JB, Damato CJ, Young AB. Alterations in L-glutamate binding in Alzheimer's and Huntingdon's diseases. Science 1985;227:1496–1499.
Greenamyre JT, Penney JB, D'Amato CJ, Young AB. Dementia of the Alzheimer's type: changes in hippocampal L-[3H]glutamate binding. J Neurochem 1987;48:543–551.
Procter AW, Wong EH, Stratmann GC, et al. Reduced glycine stimulation of [3H]MK-801 binding in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 1989;53:698–704.
Najlerahim A, Bowen DM. Regional weight loss of the cerebral cortex and some subcortical nuclei in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1988;75:509–512.
Najlerahim A, Bowen DM. Biochemical measurements in Alzheimer's disease reveal a necessity for improved neuroimaging techniques to study metabolism. Biochem J 1988;251:305–308.
Procter AW, Francis PT, Holmes C, et al. APP isoforms show correlations with neurones but not with glia in brains of demented subjects. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1994;88:545–552.
Westphalen RI, Scott HL, Dodd PR. Synaptic vesicle transport and synaptic membrane transporter sites in excitatory amino acid nerve terminals in Alzheimer disease. J Neural Transm 2003;110:1013–1027.
Procter AW, Palmer AM, Francis PT, et al. Evidence of glutamatergic denervation and possible abnormal metabolism in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 1988;50:790–802.
Keller JN, Mark RJ, Bruce AJ, et al. 4-Hydroxynonenal, an aldehydic product of membrane lipid peroxidation, impairs glutamate transport and mitochondrial function in synaptosomes. Neuroscience 1997;80:685–696.
Danysz W, Parsons CG, Quack G. NMDA channel blockers: memantine and amino-aklylcyclohexanes: in vivo characterization. Amino Acids 2000;19:167–172.
Francis PT. Glutamatergic systems in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriat Psychiatry 2003;18:S15-S21.
Chessell IP, Francis PT, Pangalos MN, et al. Localisation of muscarinic (m1) and other neurotransmitter receptors on corticofugal-projecting pyramidal neurones. Brain Res 1993;632:86–94.
Chessell IP, Humphrey PPA. Nicotinic and muscarinic receptor-evoked depolarisations recorded from a novel cortical brain slice preparation. Neuropharmacology 1995;34:1289–1296.
Chessell IP, Pearson RCA, Heath PR, et al. Selective loss of cholinergic receptors following unilateral intracortical injection of volkensin. Exp Neurol 1997;147:183–191.
Turrini P, Casu MA, Wong TP, et al. Cholinergic nerve terminals establish classical synapses in the rat cerebral cortex: synaptic pattern and age-related atrophy. Neuroscience 2001;105:277–285.
Francis PT, Pearson RCA, Lowe SL, et al. The dementia of Alzheimer's disease: an update. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987;50:242–243.
Zilles K, Werner L, Qu M, et al. Quantitative autoradiography of 11 different transmitter binding sites in the basal forebrain region of the rat: evidence of heterogeneity in distribution patterns. Neuroscience 1991;42:473–481.
Martin LJ, Blackstone CD, Levey AI, et al. Cellular localizations of AMPA glutamate receptors within the basal forebrain magnocellular complex of rat and monkey. J Neurosci 1993;13:2249–2263.
Ikonomovic MD, Armstrong DM. Distribution of AMPA receptor subunits in the nucleus basalis of Meynert in aged humans: implications for selective neuronal degeneration. Brain Res 1996;716:229–232.
Ikonomovic MD, Nocera R, Mizukami K, Armstrong DM. Age-related loss of the AMPA receptor subunits GluR2/3 in the human nucleus basalis of Meynert. Exp Neurol 2000;166:363–375.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this paper
Cite this paper
Francis, P.T., Kirvell, S.L. (2008). Rationale for Glutamatergic and Cholinergic Approaches for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. In: Fisher, A., Memo, M., Stocchi, F., Hanin, I. (eds) Advances in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease. Advances in Behavioral Biology, vol 57. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72076-0_43
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72076-0_43
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-72074-6
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-72076-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)