Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Interaction with Estrogen Receptors as Treatment of Arthritis and Osteoporosis

  • Conference paper
Osteoimmunology

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((volume 602))

Estrogen is a steroid hormone having, in addition to its effects on sexual differentiation and reproduction, important impact on the immune system and on bone. Estrogen exerts its effects via activation of its two receptors ERα and ERβ. Our knowledge of how estrogen manages to mediate its various properties in different organs has increased tremendously by studies of ER targeted mice (Matthews and Gustafsson 2003; Hewitt, Harrell and Korach 2005). It has been evident that the effects of estrogen on bone to a large extent are mediated via its action on immune cells. Estrogen has a dichotomous impact on the immune system by down regulation of inflammatory immune responses but simultaneous upregulation of immunoglobulin production. Consequently, immune mediated diseases in humans and in animal models are modulated by estrogen. Estrogen deficiency after ovarectomy in mice and menopause in women are associated with significant bone loss. In rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) osteoporosis is frequent and in postmenopausal RA the degree of bone loss is dramatically increased. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in murine and human arthritis has, as expected beneficial effects on bone loss but it also ameliorates inflammation and inflammation triggered joint destruction (Holmdahl, Jansson, and Andersson 1986; Forsblad d’Elia, Larsen, Mattsson, et al. 2003b). RA is a chronic autoimmune disease with complex pathogenesis (Holmdahl, Bockermann, Backlund, et al. 2002) displaying a variety of inflammatory mechanisms resulting in joint destruction (Gravallese 2002) and generalized osteoporosis (Haugeberg, Orstavik and Kvien 2003). Hence, in order to understand the mechanisms for estrogen mediated effects on bone loss in inflammatory diseases it is necessary to dissect the different stages at which the estrogen has potential modulating properties. Long-term use of HRT has been associated with increased risk of breast cancer, thrombosis and possibly also stroke (Prelevic, Kocjan, and Markou 2005). Accordingly, there is great need for new activators of estrogen receptors (ERs) selectively reproducing only the beneficial effects of estrogen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Bellido, T., R.L. Jilka, B.F. Boyce, G. Girasole, H. Broxmeyer, S.A. Dalrymple, R. Murray, S.C. Manolagas. 1995. Regulation of interleukin-6, osteoclastogenesis, and bone mass by androgens. The role of the androgen receptor. J Clin Invest 95(6): 2886–2895.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benten, W.P., C. Stephan, and F. Wunderlich. 2002. B cells express intracellular but not surface receptors for testosterone and estradiol. Steroids 67(7): 647–654.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bjornstrom, L., M. Sjoberg. 2005. Mechanisms of estrogen receptor signaling: convergence of genomic and nongenomic actions on target genes. Mol Endocrinol 19(4): 833–842.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bouman, A., M.J. Heineman, and M.M. Faas. 2005. Sex hormones and the immune response in humans. Hum Reprod Update.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlsten, H., R. Holmdahl, A. Tarkowski, and L.A. Nilsson. 1989a. Oestradiol- and testosterone-mediated effects on the immune system in normal and autoimmune mice are genetically linked and inherited as dominant traits. Immunology 68(2): 209–214.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlsten, H., R. Holmdahl, A. Tarkowski, and L.A. Nilsson. 1989b. Oestradiol suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity in autoimmune (NZB/NZW) F1 mice is a trait inherited from the healthy NZW parental strain. Immunology 67(2): 205–209.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlsten, H., R. Holmdahl, and A. Tarkowski. 1991. Analysis of the genetic encoding of oestradiol suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity in (NZB × NZW) F1 mice. Immunology 73(2): 186–190.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlsten, H., M. Verdrengh, and M. Taube. 1996. Additive effects of suboptimal doses of estrogen and cortisone on the suppression of T lymphocyte dependent inflammatory responses in mice. Inflamm Res 45(1): 26–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cenci, S., M.N. Weitzmann, C. Roggia, N. Namba, D. Novack, J. Woodring, R. Pacifici. 2000. Estrogen deficiency induces bone loss by enhancing T-cell production of TNF-alpha. J Clin Invest 106(10): 1229–1237.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cenci, S., G. Toraldo, M.N. Weitzmann, C. Roggia, Y. Gao, W.P. Qian, O. Sierra, R. Pacifici. 2003. Estrogen deficiency induces bone loss by increasing T cell proliferation and lifespan through IFN-gamma-induced class II transactivator. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100(18): 10405–10410.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, A., W.J. Rogan. 2004. Isoflavones in soy infant formula: a review of evidence for endocrine and other activity in infants. Annu Rev Nutr 24: 33–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Compston, J.E. 2001. Sex steroids and bone. Physiol Rev 81(1): 419–447.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erlandsson, M.C., E. Gomori, M. Taube, H. Carlsten. 2000. Effects of raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, on thymus, T cell reactivity, and inflammation in mice. Cell Immunol 205(2): 103–109.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erlandsson, M.C., C. Ohlsson, J.A. Gustafsson, and H. Carlsten. 2001. Role of oestrogen receptors alpha and beta in immune organ development and in oestrogen-mediated effects on thymus. Immunology 103(1): 17–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erlandsson, M., C.A. Jonsson, U. Islander, and C.H.C. Ohlsson. 2002a. Oestrogen receptorspecificity in oestradiol-mediated effects on B lymphopoiesis and immunoglobulin production in male mice. Immunology 108: 346–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erlandsson, M.C., C.A. Jonsson, M.K. Lindberg, C. Ohlsson, and H. Carlsten. 2002b. Raloxifene- and estradiol-mediated effects on uterus, bone and B lymphocytes in mice. J Endocrinol 175(2): 319–327.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erlandsson, M.C., C.A. Jonsson, U. Islander, C. Ohlsson, and H. Carlsten. 2003. Oestrogen receptor specificity in oestradiol-mediated effects on B lymphopoiesis and immunoglobulin production in male mice. Immunology 108(3): 346–351.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erlandsson, M.C., U. Islander, S. Moverare, C. Ohlsson, H. Carlsten. 2005. Estrogenic agonism and antagonism of the soy isoflovaone genistein in uterus, bone and lymphopoiesis in mice. APMIS 113: 317–323.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forsblad D’Elia, H., A. Larsen, E. Waltbrand, G. Kvist, D. Mellstrom, T. Saxne, C. Ohlsson, E. Nordborg, and H. Carlsten. 2003a. Radiographic joint destruction in postmenopausal rheumatoid arthritis is strongly associated with generalised osteoporosis. Ann Rheum Dis 62(7): 617–623.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forsblad d’Elia, H., A. Larsen, L.A. Mattsson, E. Waltbrand, G. Kvist, D. Mellstrom, T. Saxne, C. Ohlsson, E. Nordborg, and H. Carlsten. 2003b. Influence of hormone replacement therapy on disease progression and bone mineral density in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 30(7): 1456–1463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forsblad d’Elia, H., A. Larsen, L.Å. Mattson, E. Waltbrand, G. Kvist, D. Mellström, T. Saxne, C. Ohlsson, E. Nordborg, H. Carlsten. 2003c. The impact of hormone replacement therpy on disease progression and bone mineral density in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 30(7): 1456–1463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forsblad d’Elia, H., L.A. Mattsson, C. Ohlsson, E. Nordborg, H. Carlsten. 2003d. Hormone replacement therapy in rheumatoid arthritis is associated with lower serum levels of soluble IL-6 receptor and higher insulin-like growth factor 1. Arthritis Res Ther 5(4): R202–R209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forsblad d’Elia, H., S. Christgau, L.A. Mattsson, T. Saxne, C. Ohlsson, E. Nordborg, H. Carlsten. 2004. Hormone replacement therapy, calcium and vitamin D3 versus calcium and vitamin D3 alone decreases markers of cartilage and bone metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN46523456]. Arthritis Res Ther 6(5): R457–R468.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gravallese, E.M. 2002. Bone destruction in arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 61(Suppl 2): ii84–ii86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, C.J., G.A. Roselle, and C.L. Mendenhall. 1991. Sex steroid regulation of autoimmunity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 40(4–6): 649–659.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, G.M., M. Daniels, E.C. Huskisson, and T.D. Spector. 1994. A randomised controlled trial of the effect of hormone replacement therapy on disease activity in postmenopausal rheumatoid arthritis. Ann-Rheum-Dis 53(2): 112–116.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanna, N., and M. Schneider. 1983. Enhancement of tumor metastasis and suppression of natural killer cell activity by beta-estradiol treatment. J Immunol 130(2): 974–980.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haugeberg, G., R.E. Orstavik, and T.K. Kvien. 2003. Effects of rheumatoid arthritis on bone. Curr Opin Rheumatol 15(4): 469–475.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt, S.C., J.C. Harrell, and K.S. Korach. 2005. Lessons in estrogen biology from knockout and transgenic animals. Annu Rev Physiol 67: 285–308.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holmdahl, R., L. Jansson, and M. Andersson. 1986. Female sex hormones suppress development of collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Arthritis Rheum 29: 1501–1509.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holmdahl, R., H. Carlsten, L. Jansson, and P. Larsson. 1989. Oestrogen is a potent immunomodulator of murine experimental rheumatoid disease. Br J Rheumatol 28(Suppl 1): 54–58; discussion 69–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holmdahl, R., R. Bockermann, J. Backlund, and H. Yamada. 2002. The molecular pathogenesis of collagen-induced arthritis in mice–a model for rheumatoid arthritis. Ageing Res Rev 1(1): 135–147.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ishimi, Y., N. Arai, X. Wang, J. Wu, K. Umegaki, C. Miyaura, A. Takeda, S. Ikegami. 2000. Difference in effective dosage of genistein on bone and uterus in ovariectomized mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 274(3): 697–701.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Islander, U., M.C. Erlandsson, B. Hasseus, C.A. Jonsson, C. Ohlsson, J.A. Gustafsson, U. Dahlgren, and H. Carlsten. 2003. Influence of oestrogen receptor alpha and beta on the immune system in aged female mice. Immunology 110(1): 149–157.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Islander, U., M.C. Erlandsson, T. Chavoshi, C. Jochems, S. Moverare, S. Nilsson, C. Ohlsson, J.A. Gustafsson, H. Carlsten. 2005a. Estren-mediated inhibition of T lymphopoiesis is estrogen receptor-independent whereas its suppression of T cell-mediated inflammation is estrogen receptor-dependent. Clin Exp Immunol 139(2): 210–215.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Islander, U., B. Hasseus, M.C. Erlandsson, C. Jochems, S.M. Skrtic, M. Lindberg, J.A. Gustafsson, C. Ohlsson, H. Carlsten. 2005b. Estren promotes androgen phenotypes in primary lymphoid organs and submandibular glands. BMC Immunol 6: 16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jansson, L., and R. Holmdahl. 1989. Oestrogen induced suppression of collagen arthritis. IV: Progesterone alone does not affect the course of arthritis but enhances the oestrogen-mediated therapeutic effect. J Reprod Immunol 15(2): 141–150.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jansson, L., and R. Holmdahl. 2001. Enhancement of collagen-induced arthritis in female mice by estrogen receptor blockage. Arthritis Rheum 44(9): 2168–2175.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jochems, C., U. Islander, M.C. Erlandsson, M. Verdrengh, C. Ohlsson, and H. Carlsten. 2005. Osteoporosis in experimantal postmenopausal polyarthritis: relative contributions of estrogen deficiency and inflammation. Arthritis Res Ther 7: 837–843.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jochems, C., Islander U, Kallkopf A, Lagerqrist M, Ohlsson C, Carlsten H. Raloxifine is a potent inhibitor of experimental postmenopausal arthritis and osteoporosis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2007; In press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Josefsson, E., A. Tarkowski, and H. Carlsten. 1992. Anti-inflammatory properties of oestrogen: In vivo suppression of leucocyte production in bone-marrow and redistribution of peripheral neutrophils. Cellular Immunology 142(1): 67–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kincade, P.W., K.L. Medina, and G. Smithson. 1994. Sex hormones as negative regulators of lymphopoiesis. Immunol Rev 137: 119–134.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kincade, P.W., K.L. Medina, K.J. Payne, M.I. Rossi, K.S. Tudor, Y. Yamashita, and T. Kouro. 2000. Early B-lymphocyte precursors and their regulation by sex steroids. Immunol Rev 175: 128–137.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kousteni, S., T. Bellido, L.I. Plotkin, C.A. O’Brien, D.L. Bodenner, L. Han, K. Han, G.B. DiGregorio, J.A. Katzenellenbogen, B.S. Katzenellenbogen, P.K. Roberson, R.S. Weinstein, R.L. Jilka, S.C. Manolagas. 2001. Nongenotropic, sex-nonspecific signaling through the estrogen or androgen receptors: dissociation from transcriptional activity. Cell 104(5): 719–730.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kousteni, S., J.R. Chen, T. Bellido, L. Han, A.A. Ali, C.A. O’Brien, L. Plotkin, Q. Fu, A.T. Mancino, Y. Wen, A.M. Vertino, C.C. Powers, S.A. Stewart, R. Ebert, A.M. Parfitt, R.S. Weinstein, R.L. Jilka, S.C. Manolagas. 2002. Reversal of bone loss in mice by nongenotropic signaling of sex steroids. Science 298(5594): 843–846.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kousteni, S., L. Han, J.R. Chen, M. Almeida, L.I. Plotkin, T. Bellido, S.C. Manolagas. 2003. Kinase-mediated regulation of common transcription factors accounts for the bone-protective effects of sex steroids. J Clin Invest 111(11): 1651–1664.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S.K., Y. Kandono, F. Okada, C. Jacquin, B. Koczon-Jaremko, G. Gronowicz, D.J. Adams, H.L. A, Y. Choi, J. Lorenzo. 2006. T lymphocyte deficient mice lose trabecular bone mass with ovariectomy. JBMR 21(11): 1704–1712.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindberg, M., J. Svensson, K. Venken, T. Chavoshi, N. Andersson, S. Moverare, D. Vandershueren, H. Carlsten, C. Ohlsson. 2006. Liver-derived IGF-I is permisssive for ovariectomy-induced trabecular bone loss. Bone 38(1): 85–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lombardi G., S. Zarrilli, A. Colao, L. Paesano, C. Di Somma, F. Rossi, M. De Rosa. 2001. Estrogens and health in males. Mol Cell Endocrinol 178(1–2): 51–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenzo J. 2003. A new hypothesis for how sex steroid hormones regulate bone mass. J Clin Invest 111(11): 1641–1643.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald, A.G., E.A. Murphy, H.A. Capell, U.Z. Bankowska, and S.H. Ralston. 1994. Effects of hormone replacement therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: a double blind placebo-controlled study. Ann-Rheum-Dis 53(1): 54–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, J., and J.A. Gustafsson. 2003. Estrogen signaling: a subtle balance between ER alpha and ER beta. Mol Interv 3(5): 281–292.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKay, L.I., and J.A Cidlowski. 1999. Molecular control of immune/inflammatory responses: interactions between nuclear factor-kappa B and steroid receptor-signaling pathways. Endocr Rev 20(4): 435–459.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miyaura, C., Y. Onoe, M. Inada, K. Maki, K. Ikuta, M. Ito, T. Suda. 1997. Increased B-lymphopoiesis by interleukin 7 induces bone loss in mice with intact ovarian function: similarity to estrogen deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94(17): 9360–9365.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moverare, S., J. Dahllund, N. Andersson, U. Islander, H. Carlsten, J.A. Gustafsson, S. Nilsson, C. Ohlsson. 2003. Estren is a selective estrogen receptor modulator with transcriptional activity. Mol Pharmacol 64(6): 1428–1433.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, N., and H. Carlsten. 1994. Estrogen induces suppression of natural killer cell cytotoxicity and augmentation of polyclonal B cell activation. Cell Immunol 158(1): 131–139.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pacifici, R., J.L. Vannice, L. Rifas, R.B. Kimble. 1993. Monocytic secretion of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in normal and osteoporotic women: effects of menopause and estrogen/progesterone therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77(5): 1135–1141.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeilschifter, J., R. Koditz, M. Pfohl, H. Schatz. 2002. Changes in proinflammatory cytokine activity after menopause. Endocr Rev 23(1): 90–119.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pottratz, S.T., T. Bellido, H. Mocharla, D. Crabb, S.C. Manolagas. 1994. 17 beta-Estradiol inhibits expression of human interleukin-6 promoter-reporter constructs by a receptor-dependent mechanism. J Clin Invest 93(3): 944–950.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prelevic, G.M., T. Kocjan, and A. Markou. 2005. Hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Minerva Endocrinol 30(1): 27–36.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Revankar, C.M., D.F. Cimino, L.A. Sklar, J.B. Arterburn, E.R. Prossnitz. 2005. A transmembrane intracellular estrogen receptor mediates rapid cell signaling. Science 307(5715): 1625–1630.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roggia, C., Y. Gao, S. Cenci, M.N. Weitzmann, G. Toraldo, G. Isaia, R. Pacifici. 2001. Up-regulation of TNF-producing T cells in the bone marrow: a key mechanism by which estrogen deficiency induces bone loss in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(24): 13960–13965.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Savino, W., and M. Dardenne. 2000. Neuroendocrine control of thymus physiology. Endocr Rev 21(4): 412–443.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smithson, G., J.F. Couse, D.B. Lubahn, K.S. Korach, and P.W. Kincade. 1998. The role of estrogen receptors and androgen receptors in sex steroid regulation of B lymphopoiesis. J Immunol 161(1): 27–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Staples, J.E, T.A. Gasiewicz, N.C. Fiore, D.B. Lubahn, K.S. Korach, and A.E. Silverstone. 1999. Estrogen receptor alpha is necessary in thymic development and estradiol-induced thymic alterations. J Immunol 163(8): 4168–4174.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taube, M., L. Svensson, H. Carlsten. 1998. T lymphocytes are not the target for estradiol-mediated suppression of DTH in reconstituted female severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Clin Exp Immunol 114(2): 147–153.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thurmond, T.S., F.G. Murante, J.E. Staples, A.E. Silverstone, K.S. Korach, and T.A. Gasiewicz. 2000. Role of estrogen receptor alpha in hematopoietic stem cell development and B lymphocyte maturation in the male mouse. Endocrinology 141(7): 2309–2318.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vanderschueren, D., L. Vandenput, S. Boonen, M.K. Lindberg, R. Bouillon, C. Ohlsson. 2004. Androgens and bone. Endocr Rev 25(3): 389–425.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yellayi, S., A. Naaz, M.A. Szewczykowski, T. Sato, J.A. Woods, J. Chang, M. Segre, C.D. Allred, W.G. Helferich, P.S. Cooke. 2002. The phytoestrogen genistein induces thymic and immune changes: a human health concern? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99(11): 7616–7621.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zoller, A.L., and G.J. Kersh. 2006. Estrogen induces thymic atrophy by eliminating early thymic progenitors and inhibiting proliferation of beta-selected thymocytes. J Immunol 176(12): 7371–7378.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden

    Hans Carlsten

Authors
  1. Hans Carlsten
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Yongwon Choi

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this paper

Cite this paper

Carlsten, H. (2007). Interaction with Estrogen Receptors as Treatment of Arthritis and Osteoporosis. In: Choi, Y. (eds) Osteoimmunology. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 602. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72009-8_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation