Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Immunity in Borreliosis with Special Emphasis on the Role of Complement

  • Conference paper
Current Topics in Innate Immunity

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 598))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Akin, E., McHugh, G. L., Flavell, R. A., Fikrig, E. and Steere, A. C. (1999). The immunoglobulin (IgG) antibody response to OspA and OspB correlates with severe and prolonged Lyme arthritis and the IgG response to P35 correlates with mild and brief arthritis. Infect Immun 67: 173-181.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alban, P. S., Johnson, P. W. and Nelson, D. R. (2000). Serum-starvation-induced changes in protein synthesis and morphology of Borrelia burgdorferi. Microbiology 146: 119-127.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alitalo, A., Meri, T., Comstedt, P., Jeffery, L., Tornberg, J., Strandin, T., Lankinen, H., Bergstrom, S., Cinco, M., Vuppala, S. R., Akins, D. R. and Meri, S. (2005). Expression of complement factor H binding immunoevasion proteins in Borrelia garinii isolated from patients with neuroborreliosis. Eur J Immunol 35(10): 3043-3053.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alitalo, A., Meri, T., Lankinen, H., Seppälä, I., Ladhdenne, P., Hefty, P. S., Akins, D. and Meri, S. (2002). Complement inhibitor factor H binding to Lyme disease spirochetes is mediated by inducible expression of multiple plasmid-encoded Outer Surface Protein E paralogs. J Immunol 169: 3847-3853.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alitalo, A., Meri, T., Ramo, L., Jokiranta, T. S., Heikkila, T., Seppala, I. J., Oksi, J., Viljanen, M. and Meri, S. (2001). Complement evasion by Borrelia burgdorferi: serum-resistant strains promote C3b inactivation. Infect Immun 69(6): 3685-91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anon (1997). Case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance: Lyme disease (revisited 9/96). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 46: 20-21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asch, E. S. and Bujac, M. (1994). Lyme disease: an infectious and postinfectious syndrome. J Rheumatol 21: 454-461.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Babbe, H., Roers, A., Waisman, A., Lassmann, H., Goebels, N., Hohlfeld, R., Friese, M., Schroder, R., Deckert, M., Schmidt, S., Ravid, R. and Rajewsky, K. (2000). Clonal expansions of CD8(+) T cells dominate the T cell infiltrate in active multiple sclerosis lesions as shown by micromanipulation and single cell polymerase chain reaction. J Exp Med 192(3): 393-404.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baig, S., Olsson, T., Höjeberg, B. and Link, H. (1986). Cells secreting antibodies to myelin basic protein in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis. Neurology 41: 581-587.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balmelli, T. and Piffaretti, J. C. (1995). Association between different clinical manifestations of Lyme disease and different species of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Res Microbiol 146(4): 329-340.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barbour, A. G. (1984). Immunochemical analysis of Lyme disease spirochetes. Yale Journal of Biological Medicine 57: 581-586.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barthold, S. W. and deSouza, M. (1995). Exacerbation of Lyme arthritis in beige mice. J Infect Dis 172: 772-784.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barthold, S. W., deSouza, M. and Feng, S. (1996). Serum-mediated resolution in Lyme-arthritis in mice. Lab Invest 74: 57-67.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barton, G. M. and Medzhitov, R. (2003). Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. Science 300: 1524-1525.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benach, J. L., Bosler, E. M., Hanrahan, J. P., Coleman, J. L., Habicht, G. S., Bast, T. F., Cameron, D. J., Ziegler, J. L., Barbour, A. G., Burgdorfer, W., Edelman, E. and Kaslow, R. A. (1983). Spirochetes isolated from the blood of two patients with Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 308: 740-742.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berglund, J., Eitrem, R., Ornstein, K., Lindberg, A., Ringer, A., Elmrud, H., Carlsson, M., Runehagen, A., Svanborg, C. and Norrby, R. (1995). An epidemiologic study of Lyme disease in southern Sweden. N Engl J Med 333(20): 1319-1327.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berglund, J., Stjernberg, L., Ornstein, K., Tykesson-Joelsson, K. and Walter, H. (2002). 5-y Follow-up study of patients with neuroborreliosis. Scand J Infect Dis 34(6): 421-425.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blom, A. M. (2002). Structural and functional studies of complement inhibitor C4b-binding protein. Biochem Soc Trans 30(Pt 6): 978-982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bockenstedt, L. K., Barthold, S., Deponte, K., Marcantonio, N. and Kantor, F. S. (1993). Borrelia burgdorferi infection and immunity in mice deficient in the fifth component of complement. Infect Immun 61(5): 2104-2107.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brade, V., Kleber, I. and Acker, G. (1992). Differences of two Borrelia burgdorferi strains in complement activation and serum resistance. Immunobiology 185(5): 453-465.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breitner-Ruddock, S., Wurzner, R., Schulze, J. and Brade, V. (1997). Heterogeneity in the complement-dependent bacteriolysis within the species of Borrelia burgdorferi. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 185(4): 253-260.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brorson, O. and Brorson, S. H. (1998). A rapid method for generating cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi, and their reversal to mobile spirochetes. Apmis 106(12): 1131-1141.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. P., Zachary, J. F., Teuscher, C. and Weis, J. J. (1999). Dual role of interleukin-10 in murine Lyme disease: regulation of arthritis severity and host defence. Infect Immun 67: 5142-5150.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burgdorfer, W., Barbour, A. G., Hayes, S. F., Benach, J. L., Grunwaldt, E. and Davis, J. P. (1982). Lyme disease - a tick-borne spirochetosis? Science 216: 1317-1319.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cordes, F. S., Kraiczy, P., Roversi, P., Simon, M. M., Brade, V., Jahraus, O., Wallis, R., Goodstadt, L., Ponting, C. P., Skerka, C., Zipfel, P. F., Wallich, R. and Lea, S. M. (2006). Structure-function mapping of BbCRASP-1, the key complement factor H and FHL-1 binding protein of Borrelia burgdorferi. Int J Med Microbiol 296 Suppl 40: 177-184.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, J. (1990). Lyme disease. Ann Allergy 65(1): 1-13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunlop, L. R., Oehlberg, K. A., Reid, J. J., Avci, D. and Rosengard, A. M. (2003). Variola virus immune evasion proteins. Microbes Infect 5(11): 1049-1056.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ekerfelt, C., Ernerudh, J., Bunikis, J., Vrethem, M., Aagesen, J., Roberg, M., Bergström, S. and Forsberg, P. (1997). Compartmentalization of antigen specific cytokine responses to the central nervous system in CNS borreliosis: Secretion of IFN-γ predominates over IL-4 secretion in response to outer surface proteins of Lyme disease Borrelia spirochetes. J Neuroimmunol 79: 155-162.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ekerfelt, C., Ernerudh, J., Forsberg, P. and Bergström, S. (1998). Augmented intrathecal secretion of interferon-g in response to Borrelia garinii in neuroborreliosis. J Neuroimmunol 89: 177-181.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ekerfelt, C., Forsberg, P., Svenvik, M., Roberg, M., Bergström, S. and Ernerudh, J. (1999). Asymptomatic Borreliaseropositive individuals display the same incidence ofBorrelia specific interferon-gamma (IFN-γ )- secreting cells in blood as patients with clinical Borrelia infection. Clin Exp Immunol 115: 498-502.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ekerfelt, C., Jarefors, S., Tynngård, N., Hedlund, M., Sander, B., Bergström, S., Forsberg, P. and Ernerudh, J. (2003). Phenotypes indicating cytolytic properties of Borrelia-specific interferon-g secreting cells in chronic Lyme neuroborreliosis. J Neuroimmunol 145: 115-126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ekerfelt, C., Masreliez, C., Svenvik, M., Ernerudh, J., Roberg, M. and Forsberg, P. (2001). Antibodies and T-cell reactivity to Borrelia burgdorferi in an asymptomatic population: a study of healthy blood donors in an inland town district in the south-east of Sweden. Scand J Infect Dis 33(11): 806-808.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forsberg, P., Ernerudh, J., Ekerfelt, C., Roberg, M., Vrethem, M. and Bergstrom, S. (1995). The outer surface proteins of Lyme disease borrelia spirochetes stimulate T cells to secrete interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma): diagnostic and pathogenic implications. Clin Exp Immunol 101(3): 453-460.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, K., Van Beek, J., Canova, C., Neal, J. W. and Gasque, P. (2003). Innate immunity and brain inflammation: the key role of complement. Expert Rev Mol Med 2003: 1-19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frey, M., Jaulhac, B., Piemont, Y., Marcellin, L., Boohs, P. M., Vautravers, P., Jesel, M., Kuntz, J. L., Monteil, H. and Sibilia, J. (1998). Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in muscle of patients with chronic myalgia related to Lyme disease. Am J Med 104(6): 591-594.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fung, B. P., McHugh, G. L., Leong, J. M. and Steere, A. C. (1994). Humoral immune response to outer surface protein C of Borrelia burgdorferi in Lyme disease: role of the immunoglobulin M response in the serodiagnosis of early infection. Infect Immun 62(8): 3213-3221.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, R. C., Murgia, R. and Cinco, M. (2005). Complement receptor 3 binds the Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface proteins OspA and OspB in an iC3b-independent manner. Infect Immun 73(9): 6138-6142.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Monco, J. C. and Benach, J. L. (1995). Lyme neuroborreliosis. Ann Neurol 37(6): 691-702.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, D. M., Steere, A. C. and Huber, B. T. (1998). T helper 1 response is dominant and localized to the synovial fluid in patients with Lyme arthritis. J Immunol 160(2): 1022-1028.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grusell, M., Widhe, M. and Ekerfelt, C. (2002). Increased expression of the Th1-inducing cytokines interleukin-12 and interleukin-18 in cerebrospinal fluid but not in sera from patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis. Journal of Neuroimmunology 131: 173-178.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harboe, M., Ulvund, G., Vien, L., Fung, M. and Mollnes, T. E. (2004). The quantitative role of alternative pathway amplification in classical pathway induced terminal complement activation. Clin Exp Immunol 138(3): 439-446.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, K., Corvey, C., Skerka, C., Kirschfink, M., Karas, M., Brade, V., Miller, J. C., Stevenson, B., Wallich, R., Zipfel, P. F. and Kraiczy, P. (2006). Functional characterization of BbCRASP-2, a distinct outer membrane protein of Borrelia burgdorferi that binds host complement regulators factor H and FHL-1. Mol Microbiol 61(5): 1220-1236.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hellwage, J., Meri, T., Heikkila, T., Alitalo, A., Panelius, J., Lahdenne, P., Seppala, I. J. and Meri, S. (2001). The complement regulator factor H binds to the surface protein OspE of Borrelia burgdorferi. J Biol Chem 276(11): 8427-8435.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hemmer, B., Gran, B., Zhao, Y., Marques, A., Pascal, J., Tzou, A., Kondo, T., Cortese, I., Bielekova, B., Straus, S. E., McFarland, H. F., Houghten, R., Simon, R., Pinilla, C. and Martin, R. (1999). Identification of candidate T-cell epitopes and molecular mimics in chronic Lyme disease. Nat Med 5(12): 1375-1382

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henningsson, A. J., Ernerudh, J., Sandholm, K., Carlsson, S.-A., Granlund, H., Jansson, C., Nyman, D., Forsberg, P. and Nilsson Ekdahl, K. (2006). Complement activation in Lyme neuroborreliosis – increased levels of C1q and C3a in cerebrospinal fluid indicate complement activation in the CNS. J Neuroimmunol in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirschfeld, M., Kirschning, C. J., Schwandner, R., Wesche, H., Weis, J. H., Wooten, R. M. and Weis, J. J. (1999). Cutting edge: inflammatory signaling by Borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins is mediated by toll-like receptor 2. J Immunol 163(5): 2382-1286.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huppertz, H. I., Bohme, M., Standaert, S. M., Karch, H. and Plotkin, S. A. (1999). Incidence of Lyme borreliosis in the Wurtzburg region of Germany. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 18: 697-703.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen, M., Cepok, S., Quak, E., Happel, M., Gaber, R., Ziegler, A., Schock, S., Oertel, W. H., Sommer, N. and Hemmer, B. (2002). Oligoclonal expansion of memory CD8+ T cells in cerebrospinal fluid from multiple sclerosis patients. Brain 125(Pt 3): 538-550.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jarefors, S., Janefjord, C. K., Forsberg, P., Jenmalm, M. C. and Ekerfelt, C. (2006). Decreased up-regulation of the interleukin-12Rb2-chain and interferon-g secretion and increasde number of forkhead box P3-expressing cells in patients with a history of chronic Lyme borreliosis compared with asymptomatic individuals. Clin Exp Immunol In press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarefors, S., Karlsson, M., Forsberg, P., Eliasson, I., Ernerudh, J. and Ekerfelt, C. (2005). Reduced numbers of interleukin-12 secreting cells in patients with Lyme borreliosis previously exposed to Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Clin Exp Immunol 143: 322-328.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, L. and Stricker, R. B. (2004). Treatment of Lyme disease: a medicolegal assessment. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2: 533-557.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. C., Schmid, G. P., Hyde, F. W., Steigerwalt, A. G. and Brenner, D. J. (1984). Borrelia burgdorferi sp. nov.: etiologic agent of Lyme disease. Int J Syst Bacteriol 34: 496-497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser, R. (1994). Variable CSF findings in early and late Lyme neuroborreliosis: a follow-up study in 47 patients. J Neurology 242: 26-36.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalish, R. A., Leong, J. M. and Steere, A. C. (1993). Association of treatment-resistant chronic Lyme arthritis with HLA-DR4 and antibody reactivity to OspA and OspB of Borrelia burgdorferi. Infect Immun 61(7): 2774-2779.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalish, R. A., Leong, J. M. and Steere, A. C. (1995). Early and late antibody responses to full-length and truncated constructs of outer surface protein A of Borrelia burgdorferi in Lyme disease. Infect Immun 63(6): 2228-2235.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kang, I., Barthold, S. W., Persing, D. H. and Bockenstedt, L. K. (1997). T-helper-cell cytokines in the early evolution of murine Lyme arthritis. Infect Immun 65(8): 3107-3111.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kersten, A., Poitschek, C., Rauch, S. and Aberer, E. (1995). Effects of penicilline, ceftriaxone, and doxycycline on the morphology of Borrelia burgdorferi. Agents Chemother 39: 1127-1133.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korenberg, E. I., Gorban, L. Y., Kovalevskii, Y. V., Frizen, V. I. and Karanov, A. S. (2001). Risk for human tick-borne encephalitis, borreliosis and double infection in the pre-Ural region of Russia. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 459-462.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kraiczy, P., Hellwage, J., Skerka, C., Becker, H., Kirschfink, M., Simon, M. M., Brade, V., Zipfel, P. F. and Wallich, R. (2004). Complement resistance of Borrelia burgdorferi correlates with the expression of BbCRASP-1, a novel linear plasmid-encoded surface protein that interacts with human factor H and FHL-1 and is unrelated to Erp proteins. J Biol Chem 279(4): 2421-2429.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kraiczy, P., Hunfeld, K. P., Breitner-Ruddock, S., Wurzner, R., Acker, G. and Brade, V. (2000). Comparison of two laboratory methods for the determination of serum resistance in Borrelia burgdorferi isolates. Immunobiology 201(3–4): 406-419.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kraiczy, P., Skerka, C., Brade, V. and Zipfel, P. F. (2001). Further characterization of complement regulator-acquiring surface proteins of Borrelia burgdorferi. Infect Immun 69(12): 7800-7809.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kraiczy, P., Skerka, C., Kirschfink, M., Zipfel, P. F. and Brade, V. (2001). Mechanism of complement resistance of pathogenic Borrelia burgdorferi isolates. Int Immunopharmacol 1(3): 393-401.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kraiczy, P., Skerka, C., Kirschfink, M., Zipfel, P. F. and Brade, V. (2002). Immune evasion of Borrelia burgdorferi: insufficient killing of the pathogens by complement and antibody. Int J Med Microbiol 291 Suppl 33: 141-146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrenz, M. B., Wooten, R. M., Zachary, J. F., Drouin, S. M., Weis, J. J., Wetsel, R. A. and Norris, S. J. (2003). Effect of complement component C3 deficiency on experimental Lyme borreliosis in mice. Infect Immun 71(8): 4432-4440.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liang, F. T., Jacobs, M. B., Bowers, L. C. and Philipp, M. T. (2002). An immune evasion mechanism for spirochetal persistance in the host. J Exp Med 195: 415-422.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liang, F. T., Nelson, F. K. and Fikrig, E. (2002). Molecular adaption of Borrelia in the murine host. J Exp Med 196: 275-280.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lien, E., Sellati, T. J., Yoshimura, A., Flo, T. H., Rawadi, G., Finberg, R. W., Carroll, J. D., Espevik, T., Ingalls, R. R., Radolf, J. D. and Golenbock, D. T. (1999). Toll-like receptor 2 functions as a pattern recognition receptor for diverse bacterial products. J Biol Chem 274(47): 33419-33425.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindahl, G., Sjöbring, U. and Johnsson, E. (2000). Human complement regulators: a major target for pathogenic microorganisms. Curr Opin Immunol 12(1): 44-51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, Y., Seiler, K. P., Tai, K. F., Yang, L., Woods, M. and Weis, J. J. (1994). Outer surface lipoproteins of Borrelia burgdorferi stimulate nitric oxide production by the cytokine-inducible pathway. Infect Immun 62(9): 3663-3671.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, Y. and Weis, J. J. (1993). Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface lipoproteins OspA and OspB possess B-cell mitogenic and cytokine-stimulatory properties. Infect Immun 61: 3843-3853.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery, R. R. and Malawista, S. E. (1994). Borrelia burgdorferi and the macrophage: routine annihilation but occasional haven? Parasitol Today 10(4): 154-157.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, T. B., Weis, J. H. and Weis, J. J. (1997). Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein A (OspA) activates and primes human neutrophils. J Immunol 158(10): 4838-4845.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muellegger, R. R., McHugh, G., Ruthazer, R., Binder, B., Kerl, H. and Steere, A. C. (2000). Differential expression of cytokine mRNA in skin specimens from patients with erythema migrans or acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans. J Invest Dermatol 115: 1115-1123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nocton, J. J. and Steere, A. C. (1995). Lyme disease. Adv intern med 40: 69-115.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noppa, L. (1998). Membrane proteins and periplasmic flagella of Borrelia spirochetes. (PhD thesis ) Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

    Google Scholar 

  • Norgard, M. V., Arndt, L. L., Akins, D. R., Curetty, L. L., Harrich, D. A. and Radolf, J. D. (1996). Activation of human monocytic cells by Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins and synthetic lipopeptides proceeds via a pathway distinct from that of lipopolysaccharide but involves the transcriptional activator NF-kappa B. Infect Immun 64(9): 3845-3852.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oksi, J., Kalimo, H., Marttila, R. J., Marjamaki, M., Sonninen, P., Nikoskelainen, J. and Viljanen, M. K. (1996). Inflammatory brain changes in Lyme borreliosis. A report on three patients and review of literature. Brain 119 (Pt 6): 2143-2154.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oksi, J., Marjamaki, M., Nikoskelainen, J. and Viljanen, M. K. (1999). Borrelia burgdorferi detected by culture and PCR in clinical relapse of disseminated Lyme borreliosis. Ann Med 31: 225-232.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oksi, J., Savolainen, J., Pene, J., Bousquet, J., Laippala, P. and Viljanen, M. K. (1996). Decreased interleukin-4 and increased gamma interferon production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with Lyme borreliosis. Infect Immun 64(9): 3620-3623.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ornstein, K., Berglund, J., Bergström, S., Norrby, R. and Barbour, A. G. (2002). Three major Lyme Borrelia genospecies (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. afzelii and B. gariniii) identified by PCR in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with neuroborreliosis in Sweden. Scand J Infect Dis 34: 341-346.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oschmann, P., Dorndorf, W., Hornig, C., Schafer, C., Wellensiek, H. J. and Pflughaupt, K. W. (1998). Stages and syndromes of neuroborreliosis. J Neurol 245(5): 262-272.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pachner, A. R. (1988). Borrelia burgdorferi in the nervous system: the new “great imitator”. Ann N Y Acad Sci 539: 56-64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pausa, M., Pellis, V., Cinco, M., Giulianini, P. G., Presani, G., Perticarari, S., Murgia, R. and Tedesco, F. (2003). Serum-resistant strains of Borrelia burgdorferi evade complement-mediated killing by expressing a CD59-like complement inhibitory molecule. J Immunol 170(6): 3214-3222.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pena, C. A. and Strickland, G. T. (1999). Incidence rates of Lyme disease in Maryland: 1993 through 1996. Md Med J 48: 68-73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Preac-Mursic, V., Weber, K., Pfister, H. W., Wilske, B., Gross, B., Bauman, A. and Prokop, B. (1989). Survival of Borrelia burgdorferi in antibiotically treated patients with Lyme borreliosis. Infection 17: 355-359.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richter, D., Schlee, D. B., Algower, R. and Matuschka, F. R. (2004). Relationships of a novel Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia spielmani sp nov., with its hosts in Central Europe. Appl Environ Micrrobiol 70: 6414-6419.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roessner, K., Trivedi, H., Gaur, L., Howard, D., Aversa, J., Cooper, S. M., Sigal, L. H. and Budd, R. C. (1998). Biased T-cell antigen receptor repertoire in Lyme arthritis. Infect Immun 66(3): 1092-1099.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossmann, E., Kitiratschky, V., Hofmann, H., Kraiczy, P., Simon, M. M. and Wallich, R. (2006). BbCRASP-1 of the Lyme disease spirochetes is expressed in humans and induces antibody responses restricted to non-denatured structural determinants. Infect Immun in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seiler, K. P. and Weis, J. J. (1996). Immunity to Lyme disease: protection, pathology and persistence. Curr Opin Immunol 8(4): 503-509.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sigal, L. H. (1997). Immunologic mechanisms in Lyme neuroborreliosis: the potential role of autoimmunity and molecular mimicry. Semin Neurol 17(1): 63-68.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, S. K. and Girshick, H. J. (2006). Toll-like receptors in Borrelia burgdorferi-induced inflammation. Clin Microbiol Infect 12: 705-717.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sjöwall, J., Carlsson, A., Vaarala, O., Bergström, S., Ernerudh, J., Forsberg, P. and Ekerfelt, C. (2005). Innate immune responses in Lyme borreliosis: enhanced tumour necrosis factor-a and interleukin-12 in asymptomatic individuals in response to live spirochetes. Clin Exp Immunol 141: 89-98.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stanek, G., Satz, N., Strle, F. and Wilske, B. (1993). Epidemiology of Lyme borreliosis. In:. K. Weber and W. Burgdorfer (Eds.), Aspects of Lyme borreliosis. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 358-370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanek, G. and Strle, F. (2003). Lyme borreliosis. Lancet 362(9396): 1639-47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steere, A. C. (2001). Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 345: 115-125.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steere, A. C., Grodzicki, R. L., Kornblatt, A. N., Craft, J. E., Barbour, A. G., Burgdorfer, W., Schmid, G. P., Johnson, E. and Malawista, S. E. (1983). The spirochetal etiology of Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 308: 733-740.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steere, A. C., Malawista, S. E., Hardin, J. A., Ruddy, S., Askenase, P. W. and Andiman, W. A. (1977). Erythema chronicum migrans and Lyme arthritis: the enlarging clinical spectrum. Ann Intern Med 86: 685-698.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steere, A. C., Sikand, V. K., Meurice, F., Parenti, D. L., Fikrig, E., Schoen, R. T., Nowakowski, J., Schmid, C. H., Laukamp, S., Buscarino, C. and Krause, D. S. (1998). Vaccination against Lyme disease with recombinant Borrelia burgdorferi outer-surface lipoprotein A with adjuvant. Lyme Disease Vaccine Study Group. N Engl J Med 1998: 209-215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stricker, R. B., Lautin, A. and Burrascano, J. J. (2005). Lyme disease: point/counterpoint. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 3(2): 155-165.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stricker, R. B. and Phillips, S. E. (2003). Lyme disease without erythema migrans: cause for concern? Am J Med 115: 72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strle, F. (1999). Lyme borreliosis in Slovenia. Zentralbl Bakteriol 289: 634-652.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, V., Anguita, J., Barthold, S. W. and Fikrig, E. (2001). Coinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis alters murine immune responses, pathogen burden, and severity of Lyme arthritis. Infect Immun 69(5): 3359-3371.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Dam, A. P., Oei, A., Jaspars, R., Fijen, C., Wilske, B., Spanjaard, L. and Dankert, J. (1997). Complement-mediated serum sensitivity among spirochetes that cause Lyme disease. Infect Immun 65(4): 1228-36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vrethem, M., Hellblom, L., Widlund, M., Ahl, M., Danielsson, O., Ernerudh, J. and Forsberg, P. (2002). Chronic symptoms are common in patients with neuroborreliosis – a questionnaire follow-up study. Acta Neurol Scand 106(4): 205-208.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, G., Ma, Y., Buyuk, A., McClain, S., Weis, J. J. and Schwarz, I. (2004). Impaired host defence to infection and Toll-like receptor 2-independent killing of Borrelia burgdorferi clinical isolates in TLR2-deficient C3H/HeJ mice. FEMS Microbiol Lett 231: 219-225.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, G., Ojaimi, C., Wu, H., Saksenberg, V., Iyer, R., Liveris, D., McClain, S. A., Wormser, G. P. and Schwartz, I. (2002). Disease severity in a murine model of lyme borreliosis is associated with the genotype of the infecting Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto strain. J Infect Dis 186(6): 782-791.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, G., vanDam, A. P. and Dankert, J. (1999). Phenotypic and genetic characterization of a novel Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolate from a patient with Lyme borreliosis. J Clin Microbiol 37: 3025-3028.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, G., vanDam, A. P., Schwartz, I. and Dankert, J. (1999). Molecular typing of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: taxonomic, epidemiological, and clinical implications. Clin Microbiol Rev 12: 633-653.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, W. Z., Fredrikson, S., Sun, J. B. and Link, H. (1995). Lyme neuroborreliosis: evidence for persistent up-regulation of Borrelia burgdorferi-reactive cells secreting interferon-gamma. Scand J Immunol 42(6): 694-700.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weigelt, W., Schneider, T. and Lange, R. (1992). Sequence homology between spirochaete flagellin and human myelin basic protein. Immunol Today 13(7): 279-280.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weis, J. J., McCracken, B. A., Ma, Y., Fairbairn, D., Roper, R. J., Morrison, T. B., Weis, J. H., Zachary, J. F., Doerge, R. W. and Teuscher, C. (1999). Identification of quantitative trait loci governing arthritis severity and humoral responses in the murine model of Lyme disease. J Immunol 162: 948-956.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Widhe, M., Ekerfelt, C., Forsberg, P., Bergstrom, S. and Ernerudh, J. (1998). IgG subclasses in Lyme borreliosis: a study of specific IgG subclass distribution in an interferon-gamma-predominated disease. Scand J Immunol 47(6): 575-581.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Widhe, M., Jarefors, S., Ekerfelt, C., Vrethem, M., Bergström, S., Forsberg, P. and Ernerudh, J. (2004). Borrelia specific IFN-γ and IL-4 secretion in blood and CSF during the course of human Lyme borreliosis: relation to clinical outcome. J Infect Dis 189: 1881-1891.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Widhe, M. E. A., Grusell, M., Ekerfelt, C., Vrethem, M., Forsberg, P. and Ernerudh, J. (2002). Cytokines in Lyme borreliosis: Lack of early TNFα and TGFβ 1 responses are associated with chronic neuroborreliosis. Immunology 107: 46-55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wooten, R. M., Ma, Y., Yoder, R. A., Brown, J. P., Weis, J. H., Zachary, J. F., Kirschning, C. J. and Weis, J. J. (2002). Toll-like receptor 2 is required for innate, but not acquired, host defense to Borreliaburgdorferi. J Immunol 168: 348-355.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wooten, R. M., Modur, V. R., McIntyre, T. M. and Weis, J. J. (1996). Borrelia burgdorferi outer membrane protein A induces nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B and inflammatory activation in human endothelial cells. J Immunol 157(10): 4584-4590.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yin, Z., Braun, J., Neure, L., Wu, P., Eggens, U., Krause, A., Kamradt, T. and Sieper, J. (1997). T cell cytokine pattern in the joints of patients with Lyme arthritis and its regulation by cytokines and anticytokines. Arthritis Rheum 40(1): 69-79.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeidner, N. S., Dolan, M. C., Massung R., Piesman, J. and Fish, D. (2000). Coinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis suppresses IL-2 and IFN gamma production and promotes an IL-4 response in C3H/HeJ mice. Parasite Immunol 22(11): 581-588.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zipfel, P. F., Skerka, C., Hellwage, J., Jokiranta, S. T., Meri, S., Brade, V., Kraiczy, P., Noris, M. and Remuzzi, G. (2002). Factor H family proteins: on complement, microbes and human diseases. Biochem Soc Trans 30(Pt 6): 971-978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology, University of Uppsala, Sweden

    Kristina Nilsson Ekdahl

  2. Department of Infectious Diseases, Ryhov County Hospital, Sweden

    Anna J. Henningsson

  3. Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, University of Kalmar, Sweden

    Kerstin Sandholm

  4. Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Linköping University, Sweden

    Pia Forsberg, Jan Ernerudh & Christina Ekerfelt

Authors
  1. Kristina Nilsson Ekdahl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anna J. Henningsson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kerstin Sandholm
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Pia Forsberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jan Ernerudh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Christina Ekerfelt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    John D. Lambris

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this paper

Cite this paper

Ekdahl, K.N., Henningsson, A.J., Sandholm, K., Forsberg, P., Ernerudh, J., Ekerfelt, C. (2007). Immunity in Borreliosis with Special Emphasis on the Role of Complement. In: Lambris, J.D. (eds) Current Topics in Innate Immunity. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 598. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-71767-8_14

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation