Association of hormonal factors and preinvasive mammary lesions increase the risk of sporadic breast cancer (BC) incidence. Indeed, the mitogenic activity of estrogens and their role as a promoter of BC was confirmed by epidemiological, clinical, and experimental studies (1). Preinvasive mammary lesions frequently precede the development of invasive BC. They correspond to nonproliferative and proliferative benign breast disease without or with atypia and ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS) (2).
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Roger, P., Esslimani-Sahla, M., Delfour, C., Lazennec, G., Rochefort, H., Maudelonde, T. (2008). Expression of Estrogen Receptors α and β in Early Steps of Human Breast Carcinogenesis. In: Li, J.J., Li, S.A., Mohla, S., Rochefort, H., Maudelonde, T. (eds) Hormonal Carcinogenesis V. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 617. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-69080-3_13
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