Skip to main content

Esophagus

  • Chapter
  • 2285 Accesses

Abstract

A college student presents to the emergency department after developing chest pain immediately after an episode of emesis. The patient is diaphoretic but hemodynamically stable chest. Chest x-ray demonstrates a pneumomediastinum. What would be the management plan at this point?

  1. (A)

    Emergency thoracotomy

  2. (B)

    Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

  3. (C)

    Contrast swallow

  4. (D)

    Chest tube insertion

  5. (E)

    Celiotomy

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Pajecki D, Zilberstein B, Azevedo dos Santos M, Ubriaco J, Quintanilha A, Cecconello I, Gama-Rodrigues J. Megaesophagus microbiota: a qualitative and quantitative analysis. J Gastrointest Surg 2002; 6:723–729.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Brook I, Fazier E. Microbiology of mediastinitis. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156:333–336.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Beal SL, Pottmeyer EW, Spisso JM. Esophageal perforation following external blunt trauma. J Trauma 1988; 28:1425–1432.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Pate JW. Tracheobronchial and esophageal injuries. Surg Clin North Am 1989; 69:111–123.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Demetriades D, Theodorou D, Cornwell EE, et al. Evaluation of penetrating injuries of the neck: prospective study of 223 patients. World J Surg 1997; 21:41–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Ngakane H, Muckart DJJ, Luvuno FM. Penetrating visceral injuries of the neck: results of a conservative management policy. Br J Surg 1990; 77:908–910.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Oparah RS, Maudal AK. Operative management of penetrating wounds of the chest in civilian practice. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1979; 77:162–166.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Thal ER, Meyer DM. Penetrating neck trauma. Curr Probl Surg 1992; Jan:10–56.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Cheadle W, Richardson JD. Options in the management of trauma to the esophagus. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1982; 155:380–384.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Pass LJ, LeNarz LA, Schreiber JT, Estrera AS. Management of esophageal gunshot wounds. Ann Thorac Surg 1987; 44:253–256.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Parkin GJS. The radiology of perforated esophagus. Clin Radiol 1973; 24:324–332.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. DeMeester TR. Perforation of the esophagus. Ann Thorac Surg 1986; 42:231–232.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Demetriades D, Theodorou D, Cornwell EE III, et al. Penetrating injuries of the neck in patients in stable condition. Physical examination, angiography, or color flow Doppler imaging. Arch Surg 1995; 130:971–975.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Weigelt JA, Thal ER, Snyder WH, et al. Diagnosis of penetrating cervical esophageal injuries. Am J Surg 1987; 154:619–622.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Hatzitheofilou C, Strahlendorf C, Kakoyanis S, Charalambides D, Demetriades D. Penetrating external injuries of the oesophagus and pharynx. Br J Surg 1993; 80:1147–1149.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Back MR, Baumgartner FJ, Klein SR. Detection and evaluation of aerodigestive tract injuries caused by cervical and transmediastinal gunshot wounds. J Trauma 1997; 42:680–686.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Sawyers JL, Greenfield LJ, Livingstone AS, et al. Esophageal perforation. Contemp Surg 1991; 39:91–110.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Hankins JR, Attar S. Esophageal injuries. In Turney SZ, Rodriguez A, Cowley A, eds. Management of Cardiothoracic Trauma. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1990:197–218.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Ghahremani GG. Esophageal trauma. Semin Roentgenol 1994; 29:387–400.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Srinivasan R, Haywood T, Horwitz B, Buckman RF, Fisher RS, Krevsky B. Role of flexible endoscopy in the evaluation of possible esophageal trauma after penetrating injuries. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95:1725–1729.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Flowers JL, Graham SM, Ugarte MA, et al. Flexible endoscopy for the diagnosis of esophageal trauma. J Trauma 1996; 40:261–265.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Horwitz B, Krevsky B, Buckman RF Jr, Fisher RS, Dabezies MA. Endoscopic evaluation of penetrating esophageal injuries. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88:1249–1253.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Cornwell EE 3rd, Kennedy F, Ayad IA, et al. Transmediastinal gunshot wounds. A reconsideration of the role of angiography. Arch Surg 1996; 131:949–952.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Gonzalez RP, Falimirski M, Holevar MR, Turk B. Penetrating zone II neck injury: does dynamic computed tomographic scan contribute to the diagnostic sensitivity of physical examination for surgically significant injury? A prospective blinded study. J Trauma 2003; 54:61–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Hanpeter DE, Demetriades D, Asensio JA, Berne TV, Velmahos GC, Murray J. Helical computed tomographic scan in the evaluation of mediastinal gunshot wounds. J Trauma 2000; 49:689–695.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Velmahos GC, Souter I, Degiannis E, Mokoena T, Saadia R. Selective surgical management in penetrating neck injuries. Can J Surg 1994; 37:487–491.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Goudy SL, Miller FB, Bumpous JM. Neck crepitance: evaluation and management of suspected aerodigestive tract injury. Laryngoscope 2002; 223:791–795.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Nagy KK, Roberts RR, Smith RF, et al. Trans-mediastinal gunshot wounds: are “stable” patients really stable? World J Surg 2002; 26:1247–1250.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Flynn AE, Verrier ED, Way LW, et al. Esophageal perforation. Arch Surg 1989; 124:1211–1215.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Stanley RB Jr, Armstrong WB, Fetterman BL, Shindo ML. Management of external penetrating injuries into the hypopharyngeal-cervical esophageal funnel. J Trauma 1997; 42:675–679.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Yugueros P, Sarmiento JM, Garcia AF, Ferrada R. Conservative management of penetrating hypopharyngeal wounds. J Trauma 1996; 40:267–269.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Madiba TE, Muckart DJJ. Penetrating injuries to the cervical oesophagus: is routine exploration mandatory? Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2003; 85:162–166.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Vassiliu P, Baker J, Henderson S, Alo K, Velmahos GC, Demetriades D. Aerodigestive injuries of the neck. Am Surg 2001; 67:75–79.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Feliciano DV, Bitondo CG, Mattox KL, et al. Combined tracheoesophageal injuries. Am J Surg 1985; 150:710–715.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Ivatury RR, Rohman M, Simon RJ. Esophageal injury. Adv Trauma Crit Care 1994; 9:245–274.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Sokolov VV, Bagirov MM. Reconstructive surgery for combined tracheo-esophageal injuries and their sequelae. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001; 20:1025–1029.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Weiman DS, Pate JW, Walker WA, Brossnan KM, Fabian TC. Combined gunshot injuries of the trachea and esophagus. World J Surg 1996; 20:1096–1099.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Andrade-Alegre R. T-tube insertion in the management of late traumatic esophageal perforations: case report. J Trauma 1994; 37:131–132.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Ozcelik C, Inci I, Ozgen G, Eren N. Near-total esophageal exclusion in the treatment of late-diagnosed esophageal perforation. Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994; 28:91–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Weiman DS, Walker WA, Brosnan KM, Pate JW, Fabian TC. Noniatrogenic esophageal trauma. Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 59:845–849.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Asensio JA, Chahwan S, Forno W, et al. Penetrating esophageal injuries: multicenter study of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma. J Trauma 2001; 50:289–296.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Michel L, Grillo HC, Malt RA. Esophageal perforation. Ann Thorac Surg 1982; 33:203–210.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Nesbitt JC, Sawyers JL. Surgical management of the esophageal perforation. Am Surg 1987; 53:183–191.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Kelly JP, Webb WR, Moulder PV, Moustouakas NM, Lirtzman M. Management of airway trauma II: combined injuries of the trachea and esophagus. Ann Thorac Surg 1987; 43:160–163.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Goldstein GA, Thompson WR. Esophageal perforations: a 15 year experience. Am J Surg 1982; 143:495–503.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Defore WW Jr, Mattox KL, Hansen HA, Garcia-Rinaldi R, Beall AC Jr, DeBakey ME. Surgical management of penetrating injuries of the esophagus. Am J Surg 1977; 134:734–738.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Shama DM, Odell J. Penetrating neck trauma with tracheal and oesophageal injuries. Br J Surg 1984; 71:534–535.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Winter RP, Weigelt JA. Cervical esophageal trauma. Incidence and cause of esophageal fistulas. Arch Surg 1990; 125:849–852.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Armstrong WB, Detar TR, Stanley RB. Diagnosis and management of external penetrating cervical esophageal injuries. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1994; 103:863–871.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Jones WG 2nd and Ginsberg RJ. Esophageal perforation: a continuing challenge. Ann Thorac Surg 1992; 53(3):534–553.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Williamson WA, Ellis FH. Esophageal perforation. In Taylor MB, Gollan JL, Steer ML, Wolfe MM, eds. Gastrointestinal Emergencies, 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1997:31–35.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Reynolds JC, Parkman HP. Achalasia. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1989; 18:223–255.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Kozarek RA. Hydrostatic balloon dilatation of gastrointestinal stenosis: a national survey. Gastrointest Endosc 1986; 23:15–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Ahmed A, Aggarwal M, Watson E. Esophageal perforation: a complication of nasogastric tube placement. Am J Emerg Med 1998; 16:64–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Lee J, Lieberman D. Complications related to endoscopic hemostasis techniques. Gastrointest Endosc Clin North Am 1996; 6:305–322.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Dinning JP, Jaffe PE. Delayed presentation of esophageal perforation as a result of overtube placement. J Clin Gastroenterol 1997; 24:250–252.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Ku PKM, Tong MCF, Ho KM, Kwan A, van Hasselt CA. Traumatic esophageal perforation resulting from endotracheal intubation. Anesth Analg 1998; 87:730–731.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Foster ED, Munro DD, Dobell AR. Mediastinoscopy. A review of anatomical relationships and complications. Ann Thorac Surg 1972; 13:273–286.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Kelly MF, Rizzo KA, Spiegel J, Zwillenberg D. Delayed pharyngoesophageal perforation: a complication of anterior spine surgery. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1991; 100:201–205.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Collet D, Cadiere GB. Conversions and complications of laparoscopic treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Formation for the Development of Laparoscopic Surgery for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Group. Am J Surg 1995; 169:622–626.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Liang SG, Ooka F, Santo A, Kaibara M. Pneumomediastinum following esophageal rupture associated with hyperemesis gravidarum. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2002; 28:172–175.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Muir AD, White J, McGuigan JA, McManus KG, Graham AN. Treatment and outcomes of oesophageal perforation in a tertiary referral centre. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2003; 23:799–804.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Trulzsch DV, Penmetsa A, Karim A, Evans DA. Gastrografin-induced aspiration pneumonia: a lethal complication of computed tomography. South Med J 1992; 85:1255–1256.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Tanomkiat W, Galassi W. Barium sulfate as contrast medium for evaluation of postoperative anastomotic leaks. Acta Radiol 2000; 41:482–485.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Cameron JL, Keffer RF, Hendrix TR, Mehigan DG, Baker RR. Selective non-operative management of contained intra-thoracic esophageal perforations. Ann Thorac Surg 1979; 27:404–408.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Bell RC. Laparoscopic closure of esophageal perforation following pneumatic dilatation for achalasia. Report of two cases. Surg Endosc 1997; 11:476–478.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Barkley C, Orringer MB, Iannettoni MD, Yee J. Challenges in reversing esophageal discontinuity operations. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 76:989–994.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Gupta NM. Emergency transhiatal oesophagectomy for instrumental perforation of an obstructed thoracic oesophagus. Br J Surg 1996; 83:1007–1009.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Bautista Casasnovas A, Estevez Martinez E, Varela Cives R, Villanueva Jeremias A, Tojo Sierra R, Cadranel S. A retrospective analysis of ingestion of caustic substances by children. Ten-year statistics in Galicia. Eur J Pediatr 1997; 156:410–414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Forsen JW, Muntz HR. Hair relaxer ingestion: a new trend. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1993; 102:781–784.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Cattan P, Munoz-Bongrand N, Berney T, Halimi B, Sarfati E, Celerier M. Extensive abdominal surgery after caustic ingestion. Ann Surg 2000; 231:519–523.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Lamireau T, Rebouissoux L, Denis D, Lancelin F, Vergnes P, Fayon M. Accidental caustic ingestion in children: is endoscopy always mandatory? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001; 33:81–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Anderson KD, Rouse TM, Randolph JG. A controlled trial of corticosteroids in children with corrosive injury of the esophagus. N Eng J Med 1990; 323:637–640.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Howell JM, Dalsey WC, Hartsell FW, Butzin CA. Steroids for the treatment of corrosive esophageal injury: a statistical analysis of past studies. Am J Emerg Med 1992; 10:421–425.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. de Jong AL, Macdonald R, Ein S, Forte V, Turner A. Corrosive esophagitis in children: a 30-year review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2001; 57:203–211.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Broto J, Asensio M, Jorro CS, et al. Conservative treatment of caustic esophageal injuries in children: 20 years of experience. Pediatr Surg Int 1999; 15:323–325.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Estera A, Taylor W, Mills LJ, Platt MR. Corrosive burns of the esophagus and stomach: a recommendation for an aggressive surgical approach. Ann Thorac Surg 1986; 41:276–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Tran BA, Huy P, Celerier M. Management of severe caustic stenosis of the hypopharynx and esophagus by ileocolic transposition via suprahyoid or transepiglottic approach. Analysis of 18 cases. Ann Surg 1988; 207:439–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Trenkner SW, Maglinte DD, Lehman GA, Chernish SM, Miller RE, Johnson CW. Esophageal food impaction: treatment with glucagon. Radiology 1983; 149:401–403.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Tibbling L, Bjorkhoel A, Jansson E, Stenkvist M. Effect of spasmolytic drugs on esophageal foreign bodies. Dysphagia 1995; 10:126–127.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Goldner F, Danley D. Enzymatic digestion of esophageal meat impaction. A study of Adolph’s Meat Tenderizer. Dig Dis Sci 1985; 30:456–459.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Hall ML, Huseby JS. Hemorrhagic pulmonary edema associated with meat tenderizer treatment for esophageal meat impaction. Chest 1988; 94:640–642.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Kaszar-Seibert DJ, Korn WT, Bindman DJ, Shortsleeve MJ. Treatment of acute esophageal food impaction with a combination of glucagon, effervescent agent, and water. AJR 1990; 154:533–534.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Longstreth GF, Longstreth KJ, Yao JF. Esophageal food impaction: epidemiology and therapy. A retrospective, observational study. Gastrointest Endosc 2001; 53:193–198.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Vicari JJ, Johanson JF, Frakes JT. Outcomes of acute esophageal food impaction: success of the push technique. Gastrointest Endosc 2001; 53:178–181.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Arana A, Hauser B, Hachimi-Idrissi S, Vandenplas Y. Management of ingested foreign bodies in childhood and review of the literature. Eur J Pediatr 2001; 160:468–472.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Kirk AD, Bowers BA, Moylan JA, Meyers WC. Toothbrush swallowing. Arch Surg 1988; 123:382–384.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Vassilev BN, Kazandziev PK, Losanoff JE, Kjossev KT, Yordanov DE. Esophageal “stars”: a sinister foreign body ingestion. South Med J 1997; 90:211–214.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. de Manzoni G, Catalano F, Festini M, et al. Esophageal nonvariceal hemorrhage: a clinical and epidemiological study. G Chir 2002; 23:199–204.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Hashino S, Chiba K, Toyoshima N, et al. Exfoliative esophagitis early after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Int J Hematol 2001; 74:461–463.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Ecker GA, Karsh J. Naproxen induced ulcerative esophagitis. J Rheumatol 1992; 19:646–647.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Mayeux GP, Smith JW. Massive esophageal bleeding from cytomegalovirus esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1990; 85:626.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Yang WG, Hou MC, Lin HC, et al. Effect of sucralfate granules in suspension on endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy induced ulcer: analysis of the factors determining ulcer healing. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998; 13:225–231.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Snyder DM, Crawford ES. Successful treatment of primary aorta-esophageal fistula resulting from aortic aneurysm. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1983; 85:457–463.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. da Silva ES, Tozzi FL, Otochi JP, de Tolosa EM, Neves CR, Fortes F. Aortoesophageal fistula caused by aneurysm of the thoracic aorta: successful surgical treatment, case report, and literature review. J Vasc Surg 1999; 30:1150–1157.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Velmahos, G.C., Hamoui, N., Crookes, P.F., Demetriades, D. (2007). Esophagus. In: Britt, L.D., Trunkey, D.D., Feliciano, D.V. (eds) Acute Care Surgery. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-69012-4_21

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-69012-4_21

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-34470-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-69012-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics