Abstract
Apparent magnitude m of a star is defined by the logarithms of energy I received above the Earth’s atmosphere as follows:
where c is the constant to be determined by comparison with a standard star.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Further reading
Aller, L. H. (1963). Astrophysics: The Atmospheres of the Sun and Stars, 2nd edition. Ronald.
Böhm-Vitense, E. A. (1989). Introduction to Stellar Astrophysics, Vols.1 and 2. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Kaler, J.B. (1989). Stars and Their Spectra. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Kudritzki, R. P. and Hummer, D. G. (1990). Quantitative spectroscopy of hot stars. Ann. Rev. A.A, 28, 303–345.
References
Aller, L. H. (1963). Astrophysics: The Atmospheres of the Sun and Stars, 2nd edition. Ronald.
Cassinelli, J. P. (1971). Extended model atmospheres for the central stars of planetary nebulae. Ap. J., 165, 265–284.
Cassinelli, J. P. and Castor, J. I. (1973). Optically thin stellar winds in early-type stars. Ap. J., 179, 189–207.
Castor, J. I. (1974). The effect of sphericity on stellar continous energy distributions. Ap. J., 189, 273–283.
Castor, J. I., Abbott, D. C., and Klein, R. I. (1975). Radiation driven winds of Of stars. Ap. J., 195, 157–174.
Chalonge, D. and Divan, L. (1952). Recherche sur les spectres continues stellaires. V. Ann. d’Ap., 15, 201–236.
Chalonge, D. and Divan, L. (1973). La classification stellaire BCD: Paramètres caractéristiques du type spectral calibration en magnitudes absolues. A.A., 23, 69–79.
Chandrasekhar, S. (1934). The radiative equilibrium of extended stellar atmospheres. M. N. R. A. S, 94, 444–466.
Chauville, J., Zorec, J., Ballereau, D., Morrell, N., Didal, L., and Garcia, A. (2001), High and intermediate-resolution spectroscopy of Be stars 4481 lines. A. A. 378, 861–882.
Cox, A. N. (1999). Allen’s Astrophysical Quantities, 4th edition. Springer Verlag, Chapter 15, Normal stars.
Crawford, D. L. (1958). Two-dimensional spectral classification by narrow-band photometry for stars in clusters and associations. Ap. J., 128, 185–206.
Fukuda, I. (1982). A statistical study of rotational velocities of the stars. Pub. A.S.P., 94, 271–284.
Gabler, A., Gabler, R., Kudritzki, R. P., Puls, J., and Pauldrach, A. W. A. (1989). Unified NLTE model atmospheres including spherical extention and stellar winds: Method and first results. A. A, 226, 162–182.
Gömez, A. E. (1993). Stellar distances and Hipparcos, in Inside the Stars, IAU Coll. 137, A.S.P. Conf. Ser. Vol. 40, 324–332.
Gray, D. F. and Turner, C. G. (1987). An analysis of the photospheric line profiles in F, G, and K supergiants. Ap. J., 322, 360–367.
Herzberg, G. (1944). Atomic Spectra and Atomic Structure, Dover Book Publ., N.Y.
Huang, S. S. and Struve, O. (1953). A study of line profiles: The spectrum of Rho Leonis. Ap. J., 118, 463–476.
Inglis, D. R. and Teller, E. (1939). Ionic depresssion of series limits in one-electron spectra. Ap. J., 90, 439–448.
Johnson, H. L. (1963). Vol.3, Chapter 8. Basic Astronomical Data, Stars and Stellar Systems, K. A Strand (ed.), University of Chicago Press, IL.
Keenan, P. C. (1963). Classification of stellar spectra. Vol. 3. Basic Astronomical Data, Stars and Stellar Systems, Strand K. A. (ed.), University of Chicago Press, IL.
Kirkpatrick, J.D., Reid, I. N., and 8 co-authors (1999). Dwarfs cooler than M. The definition of spectral type L using discovering from the 1-micron all-sky survey (2MASS). Ap. J., 519, 802–833.
Kosirev, N. A. (1934). Radiation equilibrium of the extended photosphere. M. N. R. A. S., 94, 430–443.
Kudritzki, R. P. (1973). Non-LTE effects and influence of helium abundance in A0 Ia supergiant-atmospheres. A.A., 28, 103–107.
Kudritzki, R. P. (1976). Non-LTE model atmospheres of subluminous O-stars. A.A., 52, 11–21.
Kurucz, R. L. (1979). Model atmospheres for G, F, A, B, and O stars. Ap. J. Suppl., 40, 1–340.
Kurucz, R. L. (1993). A new opacity-sampling model atmosphere program for arbitrary abundances, in Peculiar Versus Normal Phenomena in A-type and Related Stars, A.S.P. Conf. Vol. 44, 87–97.
Lang, K. R. (1991). Section 9.5, Spectral classification of the stars, Section 9.7, Stellar temperature and luminosity. Astrophysical Data: Planets and Stars. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Maury, A. C. and Pickering, E. C. (1897). Spectra of bright stars photographed with the 11-inch Draper telescope as a part of the Henry Draper Memorial and discussed by Antonia C. Mauary under the direction of E. d. Pickering Annals of the Astronomical Observatory of Harvard College, 28 (Part 1), 1–128.
Merrill, P. W. (1958). Lines of the Chemical Elements in Astronomical Spectra. Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication, Washington, DC.
Mihalas, D. (1974). Progress towards an interpretation of stellar spectra. A. J., 79, 1111–1121.
Mihalas, D. and Hummer, D. G. (1974). Theory of extended stellar atmospheres. I. Computational method and first results for static spherical models. Ap. J. Suppl., 28, 343–372.
Morgan, W. W. (1937). On the spectral classification of the stars of types A to K., Ap. J., 85, 380–397.
Morgan, W. W., Keenan, P. C., and Kellman, E. (1943). An Atlas of Stellar Spectra. Astrophysical Monograph, Chicago, IL.
Reid, I. N. (1999). M dwarfs, L dwarfs, T dwarfs and subdwarfs: Ψ(M) at and below the hydrogen-burning limit, Proc. of Star Formation 1999, Nakamoto, T. (ed.), Nobeyama Radio Observatory, Nagano, Japan, 327–332.
Stebbins, J. and Kron, G. E. (1964). Six-color photometry of stars. XI. Black-body color temperature of 25 stars. Ap. J., 139, 424–434.
Strömgren, B. (1963). Vol. 3, Chaper 9, Quantitative classification methods. Basic Astronomical Data, Stars and stellar Systems, K. Strand (ed.),Universtiy of Chicago Press, IL.
Takeda, Y. (1995). Self-consistent multi-parameter fitting of stellar flux spectra. Pub. A.S. Japan, 47, 287–298.
Unsöld, A. (1955). Physik der Atematmosphären, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. p. 509, Figure 168.
van Altena, W. F., Lee, J. T., and Hoffleit, E. D. (1992). The General Catalogue of Trigonometric Stellar Parallaxes. Yale University Observatory, IL.
Yamashita, Y., Nariai, K., and Norimoto, Y. (1977). An Atlas of Representative Stellar Spectra. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
Zinn, R. J. (1970). The temperature dependence of Hβ strength in O stars. Ap. J., 162, 909 912.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kogure, T., Leung, KC. (2007). Stellar Spectra and Radiation Fields. In: The Astrophysics of Emission-Line Stars. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 342. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68995-1_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68995-1_2
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-34500-0
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-68995-1
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)