Skip to main content

Abstract

The diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is predicated upon the recognition of its two major forms: emphysema and chronic bronchitis. These distinct entities represent different manifestations of COPD, although they frequently coexist in the same individual. Physiologic impairment occurs as a consequence of the impediment of airflow and air trapping as measured by pulmonary function testing. Other forms of airflow obstruction are discussed in the chapters on bronchial obstruction (Chapter 5), asthma (Chapter 15), and pathology of small airways (Chapter 25).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Anto JM, Vermeire P, Vestbo J, Sunyer J. Epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2001;17:982–994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Viegi G, Scognamiglio A, Baldacci S, Pistelli F, Carrozzi L. Epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Respiration 2001;68:4–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Sunyer J. Urban air pollution and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a review. Eur Respir J 2001;17:1024–1033.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Samet J, Marbury MC, Spengler JD. Health effects and sources of indoor air pollution, Part I. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987;136:1486–1508.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Samet J, Marbury MC, Spengler JD. Health effects and sources of indoor air pollution, part II. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;137:221–242.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Hnizdo E, Vallyathan V. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to occupational exposure to silica dust: a review of epidemiological and pathological evidence. Occup Environ Med 2003;60:237–243.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Sin DD, McAlister FA, Man SF, Anthonisen NR. Contemporary management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: scientific review. JAMA 2003;290:2301–2312.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Pratt PC. Emphysema and chronic airways disease. In: Dail DH, Hammar SP, eds. Pulmonary pathology. 2nd ed. New York: Springer, 1994:847–865.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  9. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Reducing the health consequences of smoking: a report of the Surgeon General. DHHS Publication No. 89-8411. Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Smoking and Health, 1989:299.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Reid L. Measurement of the bronchial mucous gland layer. A diagnostic yardstick on chronic bronchitis. Thorax 1960;15:132–141.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Kampalath BN, McMahon JT, Cohen A, Tomashefski JF, Kleinerman J. Obliterative central bronchitis due to mineral dust in patients with pneumoconiosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1998;122:56–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Jamal K, Cooney TP, Fleetham JA, Thurlbeck WM. Chronic bronchitis. Correlation of morphologic findings to sputum production and flow rates. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984;129:719–722.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Peto R, Speizer FE, Cochrane AL, et al. The relevance in adults of air-flow obstruction, but not of mucous hypersecretion, to mortality from chronic lung disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983;128:491–500.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Atsushi N, West WW, Thurlbeck WM. The National Institutes of Health intermittent positive-pressure breathing trial: Pathology studies. II. Correlation between morphologic findings, clinical findings, and evidence of expiratory air-flow obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985;132:946–953.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of smoking: chronic obstructive lung disease. A report of the surgeon general. Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Fielding JE. Smoking: health effects and control. Part I. N Engl J Med 1985;313:555–561.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Gong H, Fligiel S, Tashkin DP, Barbers RG. Tracheobronchial changes in habitual, heavy smokers of marijuana with and without tobacco. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987;136:142–149.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Oxman AD, Muir DCF, Shannon HS, Stock SR, Hnizdo E, Lange HJ. Occupational dust exposure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic overview of the evidence. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148:38–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Pratt PC. Comparative prevalence and severity of emphysema and bronchitis at autopsy in cotton mill workers vs. controls. Chest 1981;79S:49S–53S.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Baker RR. Product formation mechanisms inside a burning cigarette. Progr Energ Combust Sci 1981;7:135–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Hinds WC. Size characteristics of cigarette smoke. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1978;39:48–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Morrison D, Rahman I, Lannan S, MacNee W Epithelial permeability, inflammation, and oxidant stress in the air spaces of smokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:473–479.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Nishikawa M, Kakemizu N, Ito T, et al. Superoxide mediates cigarette smoke-induced infiltration of neutrophils into the airways through nuclear factor-κB activation and IL-8 mRNA expression in guinea pigs in vivo. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999;20:189–198.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Wang RD, Tai H, Xie C, Wang X, Wright JL, Churg A. Cigarette smoke produces airway wall remodeling in rat tracheal explants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168:1232–1236.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Saetta M, Turato G, Maestrelli P, Mapp CE, Fabbri LM. Cellular and structural bases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:1304–1309.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Kennedy SM, Christiani DC, Eisen EA, et al. Cotton dust and endotoxin-exposure response relationships in cotton textile workers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987;135:194–200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Pratt PC. Newer concepts of the pathology of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Acad Med NJ Bull 1963;9:204–217.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Thurlbeck WM. Chronic airflow obstruction. In: Thurlbeck WM, Churg AM, eds. Pathology of the lung. 2nd ed. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers, 1995:739–825.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Miller WS. The lung. 2nd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Lichter L, Gwynne JF. Spontaneous pneumothorax in young subjects. A clinical and pathological study. Thorax 1971;26:409–417.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Reid L. Bullae. In: The pathology of emphysema. London: Lloyd Luke, 1967:211–240.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Tomashefski JF, Lancaster JF. Tuberculosis-a cause of emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis 1963;87:435–437.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kleinerman J, Green F, Laquer W, et al. Pathology standards for coal workers pneumoconiosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1979;103:375–432.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Rom WN, Kanner RE, Renzetti AD, et al. Respiratory disease in Utah coal miners. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981;123:372–377.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Pratt PC, Jutabha P, Klugh GA. The relationship between pigment deposits and lesions in normal and centrilobular emphysematous lungs. Am Rev Respir Dis 1963;87:245–256.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Mead J, Whittenberger JL, Radford EP. Surface tension as a factor in pulmonary volume-pressure hysteresis. J Appl Physiol 1957;10:191–196.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Hartroft WD, Macklin CC. Intrabronchial fixation of the human lung for purposes of alveolar measurements, using 25 μ microsections made therefrom. Trans R Soc Can (Biol) 1943;37:75–80.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Blumenthal BJ, Boren HG. Lung structure in three dimensions after inflation and fume fixation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1959;79:165–171.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Pratt PC, Klugh GA. A technique for the study of ventilatory capacity, compliance, residual volume of excised lungs and for fixation, drying and serial sectioning in the inflated state. Am Rev Respir Dis 1961;83:690–696.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Weibel ER, Vidone RA. Fixation of the lung by formalin steam in a controlled state of air inflation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1961;84:856–862.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Sills B. A multidisciplinary method for study of lung structure and function. Am Rev Respir Dis 1962;86:238–243.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Naeye RL, Greenberg SD. Small pulmonary vessels in advanced pulmonary emphysema. Arch Pathol 1974;97:216–220.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Hale KA, Niewoehner DE, Cosio MG. Morphologic changes in the muscular pulmonary arteries: Relationship to cigarette smoking, airways disease, and emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980;122:273–278.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Brody AR, Craighead JE. Cytoplasmic inclusions in pulmonary macrophages of cigarette smokers. Lab Invest 1975;32:125–132.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Roggli VL, Ingram P, Linton RW, Gutknecht WF, Mastin P, Shelburne JD. New techniques for imaging and analyzing lung tissue. Environ Health Perspect 1984;56:163–183.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Nagai A, Thurlbeck WM. Scanning electron microscopic observations of emphysema in humans: a descriptive study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;144:901–908.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Vlahovic G, Russell ML, Mercer RR, Crapo CD. Cellular and connective tissue changes in alveolar septal walls in emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160:2086–2092.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Tomashefski JF, Crystal RG, Wiedemann HP, Mascha E, Stoller JK. The bronchopulmonary pathology of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency: findings of the Death Review Committee of the National Registry for Individuals with severe deficiency of alpha-1-antitrypsin. Hum Pathol 2004;35:1452–1461.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Longstreth GF, Weitzman SA, Browning RJ, Lieberman J. Bronchiectasis and homozygous alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Chest 1975;67:233–235.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Shin MS, Ho K. Bronchiectasis in patients with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. A rare occurrence? Chest 1993;104:1384–86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Cuvelier A, Muir J, Hellot M, et al. Distribution of alpha-1-antitrypsin alleles in patients with bronchiectasis. Chest 2000;117:415–419.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Yousem SA. Pulmonary apical cap: a distinctive but poorly recognized lesion in pulmonary surgical pathology. Am J Surg Pathol 2001;25:679–683.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Butnor KJ, Sporn TA, Roggli VL. Pulmonary apical cap [letter]. Am J Surg Pathol 2001;25:1344.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Fidler ME, Koomen M, Sebek B, Greco MA, Rizk CC, Askin FB. Placental transmogrification of the lung, a histologic variant of giant bullous emphysema: clinico-pathological study of three further cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1995;19:563–570.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Hochholzer L, Moran CA, Koss MN. Pulmonary lipomatosis: a variant of placental transmogrification. Mod Pathol 1997;10:846–849.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Takaro T, Gaddy LR, Pirra S. Thin alveolar epithelial partitions across connective tissue gaps of the human lung: ultrastructural observations. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982;126:328–331.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Pratt PC. The role of conventional chest radiography in diagnosis and exclusion of emphysema. Am J Med 1987;82:998–1006.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Dayman H. Mechanics of airflow in health and disease. J Clin Invest 1951;30:1175–1190.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Pratt PC, Klugh GA. Intrapulmonary radial traction: measured. US Public Health Serv Rep 1968;1717:125–137.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Forster RE. Diffusion of gases. In: Fenn WO, Balen H, eds. Handbook of physiology, section 3, respiration. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: American Physiological Society, 1964:839–872.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Jenkins DE, Greenberg SD, Boushy SF. Correlation of morphologic emphysema and pulmonary function parameters. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1965;107:50–63.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Gelb AF, Gold WM, Wright RR, Breech HR, Nadel JA. Physiologic diagnosis of clinically unsuspected pulmonary emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis 1973;107:50–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Bergin C, Muller N, Nichols DM, et al. The diagnosis of emphysema: a computed tomographic-pathologic correlation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986;133:541–546.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Foster WL, Pratt PC, Roggli VL, Godwin JD, Halvorsen RA, Putman CE. Centrilobular emphysema: CT-pathologic correlation. Radiology 1986;159:27–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Hruban RH, Meziane MA, Zerhouni EA, et al. High resolution computed tomography of inflation-fixed lungs: pathologic-radiologic correlation of centrilobular emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987;136:935–940.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Gould GA, MacNee W, McLean A, et al. CT measurements of lung density in life can quantitate distal airspace enlargement-an essential defining feature of human emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;137:380–392.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Kuwano K, Matsuba K, Ikeda T, et al. The diagnosis of mild emphysema: Correlation of computed tomography and pathology scores. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;141:169–178.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Foster WL, Gimenez EI, Roubidoux MA, et al. The emphysemas: radiologic-pathologic correlations. Radiographics 1993;13:311–328.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Baldi S, Miniati M, Bellina CR, et al. Relationship between extent of pulmonary emphysema by high-resolution computed tomography and lung elastic recoil in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:585–589.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Pratt PC, Vollmer RT The beneficial effect of alcohol consumption on the prevalence and extent of centrilobular emphysema: a retrospective autopsy analysis. Chest 1984;85:372–377.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Pratt PC, Roggli VL, Tesoriero VJ. Lower incidence of death from chronic renal disease in patients with non-lethal pulmonary emphysema: a statistical study. Mod Pathol 1988;1:57–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Sciurba FC, Rogers RM, Keenan RJ, et al. Improvement in pulmonary function and elastic recoil after lung-reduction surgery for diffuse emphysema. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1095–1099.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Ramsey SD, Berry K, Etzioni R, Kaplan RM, Sullivan SD, Wood DE. Cost effectiveness of lung-volume-reduction surgery for patients with severe emphysema. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2092–2102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Duarte IG, Gal AA, Mansour KA, Lee RB, Miller JL. Pathologic findings in lung volume reduction surgery. Chest 1998;113:660–664.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Trulock EP. State of the art: lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;155:789–818.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Laurell CB, Eriksson S. The electrophoretic alpha-1-globulin pattern of serum in alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1963;15:132–140.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Gross P, Pfitzer EA, Toker E, Babyak MA, Kaschak M. Experimental emphysema. Its production with papain in normal and silicotic rats. Arch Environ Health 1965;11:50–58.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Snider GL. Emphysema: the first two centuries—and beyond. A historical overview, with suggestions for future research: Part 2. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;146:1615–1622.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Kuhn C, Senior RM. The role of elastases in the development of emphysema. Lung 1978;155:185–197.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Janoff A, White R, Carp H, Harel S, Dearing R, Lee D. Lung injury induced by leukocytic proteases. Am J Pathol 1979;97:111–136.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Janoff A, Raju L, Dearing R. Levels of elastase activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of healthy smokers and non-smokers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983;127:540–544.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Churg A, Wang RD, Tai H, et al. Macrophage metalloelastase mediates acute cigarette smoke-induced inflammation via tumor necrosis factor-α release. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;167:1083–1089.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Finlay GA, O’Driscoll LR, Russell KJ, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase expression and production by alveolar macrophages in emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156:240–247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. White R, Lin H-S, Kuhn C. Elastase secretion by peritoneal exudative and alveolar macrophages. J Exp Med 1977;146:802–808.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Churg A, Zay K, Shay S, et al. Acute cigarette smoke-induced connective tissue breakdown requires both neutrophils and macrophage metalloelastase in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002;27:368–374.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Janoff A. Elastases and emphysema: current assessment of the protease-antiprotease hypothesis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985;132:417–433.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Wright JL, Farmer SG, Churg A. Synthetic serine elastase inhibitor reduces cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in guinea pigs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166:954–960.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Suki B, Lutchen KR, Ingenito EP. On the progressive nature of emphysema: roles of proteases, inflammation, and mechanical forces. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168:516–521.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Cutz E, Cox DW. α1-Antitrypsin deficiency: the spectrum of pathology and pathophysiology. In: Rosenberg HS, Bolande RP, eds. Perspectives in pediatric pathology. Vol. 5. Chicago: Yearbook Medical Publishers, 1980:1–38.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Sifers RN, Finegold MJ, Woo SLC. Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency: accumulation or degradation of mutant variants within the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1989;1:341–345.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Parmar JS, Mahadeva R, Reed BJ, et al. Polymers of α1-antitrypsin are chemotactic for human neutrophils: a new paradigm for the pathogenesis of emphysema. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002;26:723–730.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Roggli VL, Hausner RJ, Askew JB. Alpha-1-antitrypsin globules in hepatocytes of elderly persons with liver disease. Am J Clin Pathol 1981;75:538–542.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Hodges JR, Millward-Sadler GH, Barbatis C, Wright R. Heterozygous MZ alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency in adults with chronic active hepatitis and cryptogenic cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1981;304:557–560.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Greenberg SD, Jenkins DE, Stevens PM, Schweppe HI. The lungs in homozygous alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency. Am J Clin Pathol 1973;60:581–592.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Larson C. Natural history and life expectancy in severe alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, Pi Z. Acta Med Scand 1978;204:345–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Brantly ML, Paul LD, Miller BH, Falk RT, Wu M, Crystal RG. Clinical features and history of the destructive lung disease associated with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency of adults with pulmonary symptoms. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;138:327–336.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Mayer AS, Stoller JK, Bartelson BB, Ruttenber AJ, Sandhaus RA, Newman LS. Occupational exposure risks in individuals with PI*Z α1-antitrypsin deficiency. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162:553–558.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Mal H, Guignabert C, Thabut G, et al. Recurrence of pulmonary emphysema in an α-1 proteinase inhibitor-deficient lung transplant recipient. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;170:811–814.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Schmidt RA, Glenny RW, Godwin JD, Hampson NB, Cantino ME, Reichenbach DD. Panlobular emphysema in young intravenous Ritalin abusers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;143:649–656.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Vevaina JR, Civantos F, Viamonte M Jr, Avery WG. Emphysema associated with talcum granulomatosis in a drug addict. South Med J 1974;67:113–116.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Sachs CW, Christensen RH, Pratt PC, Lynn WS. Neutrophil elastase activity and superoxide production are diminished in neutrophils of alcoholics. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;141:1249–1256.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Buret A, Cripps AW. The immunoevasive activities of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: relevance to cystic fibrosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148:793–805.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Golpon HA, Coldren CD, Zamora MR, et al. Emphysema lung tissue gene expression profiling. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004;31:595–600.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Spira A, Beane J, Pinto-Plata V, et al. Gene expression profiling of human lung tissue from smokers with severe emphysema. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004;31:601–610.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Roggli, V.L., Cagle, P.T. (2008). Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis. In: Tomashefski, J.F., Cagle, P.T., Farver, C.F., Fraire, A.E. (eds) Dail and Hammar’s Pulmonary Pathology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68792-6_24

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68792-6_24

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-98395-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-68792-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics