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Phylum XX. Dictyoglomi phyl. nov.

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Bergey’s Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology

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Abstract

The phylum is currently represented by a single class, order, family, and genus. The phylum forms a deep line of descent with its related phyla Thermomicrobia and Deinococcus–Thermus (Figure 123).

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Reference

  • Saiki, T., Y. Kobayashi, K. Kawagoe and T. Beppu. 1985. Dictyoglomus thermophilum gen. nov., sp. nov., a chemoorganotrophic, anaerobic, thermophilic bacterium. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 35: 253–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adamsen, A.K., J. Lindhagen and B.K. Ahring. 1995. Optimization of extracellular xylanase production by Dictyoglomus sp. B1 in continuous culture. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 44: 327–332.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brock, T.D. and K. Od’ea. 1977. Amorphous ferrous sulfide as a ­reducing agent for culture of anaerobes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33: 254–256.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ding, Y.H., R.S. Ronimus and H.W. Morgan. 1999. Purification and properties of the pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase from Dictyoglomus thermophilum Rt46 B.1. Extremophiles 3: 131–137.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ding, Y.H.R., R.S. Ronimus and H.W. Morgan. 2000. Sequencing, cloning, and high-level expression of the pfp gene, encoding a PPi-dependent phosphofructokinase from the extremely thermophilic eubacterium Dictyoglomus thermophilum. J. Bacteriol. 182: 4661–4666.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

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    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, M.D., R.A. Reeves and P.L. Bergquist. 1995. Cloning, sequencing, and expression of a xylanase gene from the extreme thermophile Dictyoglomus thermophilum Rt46B.1 and activity of the enzyme on fiber-bound substrate. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 4403–4408.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, M.D., R.A. Reeves, A. Sunna and P.L. Bergquist. 1999. Sequencing and expression of a beta-mannanase gene from the extreme thermophile Dictyoglomus thermophilum Rt46B.1, and characteristics of the recombinant enzyme. Curr. Microbiol. 39: 351–0357.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horinouchi, S., S. Fukusumi, T. Ohshima and T. Beppu. 1988. Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of two additional amylase genes of a strictly anaerobic thermophile, Dictyoglomus thermophilum, and their nucleotide sequences with extremely low guanine-plus-cytosine contents. Eur. J. Biochem. 176: 243–253.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janecek, S. 1998. Sequence of archaeal Methanococcus jannaschii alpha-amylase contains features of families 13 and 57 of glycosyl hydrolases: a trace of their common ancestor? Folia Microbiol. 43: 123–128.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeon, B.S., H. Taguchi, H. Sakai, T. Ohshima, T. Wakagi and H. Matsuzawa. 1997. 4-α-Glucanotransferase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus litoralis – enzyme purification and characterization, and gene cloning, sequencing and expression in Escherichia coli. Eur. J. Biochem. 248: 171–178.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kenealy, W.R. and T.W. Jeffries. 2003. Enzyme processes for pulp and paper: a review of recent developments. Wood Deterior. Preserv. 845: 210–239.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi, Y., M. Motoike, S. Fukuzumi, T. Ohshima, T. Saiki and T. Beppu. 1988. Heat-stable amylase complex produced by a strictly anaerobic and extremely thermophilic bacterium, Dictyoglomus ­thermophilum. Agric. Biol. Chem. (Tokyo) 52: 615–616.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Love, C.A., B.K.C. Patel, W. Ludwig and E. Stackebrandt. 1993. The phylogenetic position of Dictyoglomus thermophilum based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 107: 317–320.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathrani, I.M. and B.K. Ahring. 1991. Isolation and characterization of a strictly xylan-degrading Dictyoglomus from a man-made, thermophilic anaerobic environment. Arch. Microbiol. 157: 13–17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathrani, I.M. and B.K. Ahring. 1992. Thermophilic and alkalophilic xylanases from several Dictyoglomus isolates. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 38: 23–27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, D.D., M.D. Gibbs, C.W. Chin, M.H. Koh, K.K. Wong, R.W. Allison, P.J. Nelson and P.L. Bergquist. 1998. Cloning of the xynB gene from Dictyoglomus thermophilum Rt46B.1 and action of the gene product on kraft pulp. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64: 1759–1765.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, H.B., Z. Mladenovska and B.K. Ahring. 2007. Bioaugmentation of a two-stage thermophilic (68°C/55°C) anaerobic digestion concept for improvement of the methane yield from cattle manure. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 97: 1638–1643.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patel, B.K.C., H.W. Morgan and R.M. Daniel. 1985a. Fervidobacterium nodosum gen. nov. and spec. nov., a new chemoorganotrophic, caldoactive, anaerobic bacterium. Arch. Microbiol. 141: 63–69.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patel, B.K.C., H.W. Morgan and R.M. Daniel. 1985b. A simple and efficient method for preparing anaerobic media. Biotechnol. Lett. 7: 227–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patel, B.K.C., H.W. Morgan and R.M. Daniel. 1986. Studies on some thermophilic glycolytic anaerobic bacteria from New Zealand hot springs. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 8: 128–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patel, B.K.C., H.W. Morgan, J. Wiegel and R.M. Daniel. 1987. Isolation of an extremely thermophilic chemo-organotrophic anaerobe similar to Dictyoglomus thermophilum from New-Zealand hot springs. Arch. Microbiol. 147: 21–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patel, B.K.C., J.H. Skerratt and P.D. Nichols. 1991. The phospholipid ester-Linked fatty acid composition of thermophilic bacteria. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 14: 311–316.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plant, A.R., B.K.C. Patel, H.W. Morgan and R.M. Daniel. 1987. Starch degradation by thermophilic anaerobic bacteria. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 9: 158–162.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ratto, M., I.M. Mathrani, B. Ahring and L. Viikari. 1994. Application of thermostable xylanase of Dictyoglomus sp. in enzymic treatment of Kraft Pulps. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 41: 130–133.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saiki, T., Y. Kobayashi, K. Kawagoe and T. Beppu. 1985. Dictyoglomus thermophilum gen. nov., sp. nov., a chemoorganotrophic, anaerobic, thermophilic bacterium. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 35: 253–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sunna, A. and P.L. Bergquist. 2003. A gene encoding a novel extremely thermostable 1,4-β-xylanase isolated directly from an environmental DNA sample. Extremophiles 7: 63–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Svetlichnii, V.A. and T.P. Svetlichnaya. 1988. Dictyoglomus turgidus sp. nov., a new extreme thermophilic eubacterium isolated from hot springs in the Uzon Volcano Crater. Microbiology (En. transl. from Mikrobiologiya) 57: 364–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Svetlichnii, V.A. and T.P. Svetlichnaya. 1995. In Validation of the publication of new names and new combinations previously effectively published outside the IJSB. List no. 55. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45: 879–880.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Te’o, V.S., A.E. Cziferszky, P.L. Bergquist and K.M. Nevalainen. 2000. Codon optimization of xylanase gene xynB from the thermophilic bacterium Dictyoglomus thermophilum for expression in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 190: 13–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adamsen, A.K., J. Lindhagen and B.K. Ahring. 1995. Optimization of extracellular xylanase production by Dictyoglomus sp. B1 in continuous culture. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 44: 327–332.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brock, T.D. and K. Od’ea. 1977. Amorphous ferrous sulfide as a reducing agent for culture of anaerobes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33: 254–256.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ding, Y.H., R.S. Ronimus and H.W. Morgan. 1999. Purification and properties of the pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase from Dictyoglomus thermophilum Rt46 B.1. Extremophiles 3: 131–137.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ding, Y.H.R., R.S. Ronimus and H.W. Morgan. 2000. Sequencing, cloning, and high-level expression of the pfp gene, encoding a PPi-dependent phosphofructokinase from the extremely thermophilic eubacterium Dictyoglomus thermophilum. J. Bacteriol. 182: 4661–4666.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fukusumi, S., A. Kamizono, S. Horinouchi and T. Beppu. 1988. Cloning and nucleotide sequence of a heat-stable amylase gene from an anaerobic thermophile, Dictyoglomus thermophilum. Eur. J. Biochem. 174: 15–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, M.D., R.A. Reeves and P.L. Bergquist. 1995. Cloning, sequencing, and expression of a xylanase gene from the extreme thermophile Dictyoglomus thermophilum Rt46B.1 and activity of the enzyme on fiber-bound substrate. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 4403–4408.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, M.D., R.A. Reeves, A. Sunna and P.L. Bergquist. 1999. Sequencing and expression of a beta-mannanase gene from the extreme thermophile Dictyoglomus thermophilum Rt46B.1, and characteristics of the recombinant enzyme. Curr. Microbiol. 39: 351–0357.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horinouchi, S., S. Fukusumi, T. Ohshima and T. Beppu. 1988. Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of two additional amylase genes of a strictly anaerobic thermophile, Dictyoglomus thermophilum, and their nucleotide sequences with extremely low guanine-plus-cytosine contents. Eur. J. Biochem. 176: 243–253.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janecek, S. 1998. Sequence of archaeal Methanococcus jannaschii alpha-amylase contains features of families 13 and 57 of glycosyl hydrolases: a trace of their common ancestor? Folia Microbiol. 43: 123–128.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeon, B.S., H. Taguchi, H. Sakai, T. Ohshima, T. Wakagi and H. Matsuzawa. 1997. 4-α-Glucanotransferase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus litoralis – enzyme purification and characterization, and gene cloning, sequencing and expression in Escherichia coli. Eur. J. Biochem. 248: 171–178.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kenealy, W.R. and T.W. Jeffries. 2003. Enzyme processes for pulp and paper: a review of recent developments. Wood Deterior. Preserv. 845: 210–239.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi, Y., M. Motoike, S. Fukuzumi, T. Ohshima, T. Saiki and T. Beppu. 1988. Heat-stable amylase complex produced by a strictly anaerobic and extremely thermophilic bacterium, Dictyoglomus thermophilum. Agric. Biol. Chem. (Tokyo) 52: 615–616.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Love, C.A., B.K.C. Patel, W. Ludwig and E. Stackebrandt. 1993. The phylogenetic position of Dictyoglomus thermophilum based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 107: 317–320.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathrani, I.M. and B.K. Ahring. 1991. Isolation and characterization of a strictly xylan-degrading Dictyoglomus from a man-made, thermophilic anaerobic environment. Arch. Microbiol. 157: 13–17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathrani, I.M. and B.K. Ahring. 1992. Thermophilic and alkalophilic xylanases from several Dictyoglomus isolates. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 38: 23–27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, D.D., M.D. Gibbs, C.W. Chin, M.H. Koh, K.K. Wong, R.W. Allison, P.J. Nelson and P.L. Bergquist. 1998. Cloning of the xynB gene from Dictyoglomus thermophilum Rt46B.1 and action of the gene product on kraft pulp. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64: 1759–1765.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, H.B., Z. Mladenovska and B.K. Ahring. 2007. Bioaugmentation of a two-stage thermophilic (68°C/55°C) anaerobic digestion concept for improvement of the methane yield from cattle manure. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 97: 1638–1643.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patel, B.K.C., H.W. Morgan and R.M. Daniel. 1985a. Fervidobacterium nodosum gen. nov. and spec. nov., a new chemoorganotrophic, caldoactive, anaerobic bacterium. Arch. Microbiol. 141: 63–69.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patel, B.K.C., H.W. Morgan and R.M. Daniel. 1985b. A simple and efficient method for preparing anaerobic media. Biotechnol. Lett. 7: 227–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patel, B.K.C., H.W. Morgan and R.M. Daniel. 1986. Studies on some thermophilic glycolytic anaerobic bacteria from New Zealand hot springs. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 8: 128–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patel, B.K.C., H.W. Morgan, J. Wiegel and R.M. Daniel. 1987. Isolation of an extremely thermophilic chemo-organotrophic anaerobe similar to Dictyoglomus thermophilum from New-Zealand hot springs. Arch. Microbiol. 147: 21–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patel, B.K.C., J.H. Skerratt and P.D. Nichols. 1991. The phospholipid ester-Linked fatty acid composition of thermophilic bacteria. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 14: 311–316.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plant, A.R., B.K.C. Patel, H.W. Morgan and R.M. Daniel. 1987. Starch degradation by thermophilic anaerobic bacteria. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 9: 158–162.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ratto, M., I.M. Mathrani, B. Ahring and L. Viikari. 1994. Application of thermostable xylanase of Dictyoglomus sp. in enzymic treatment of Kraft Pulps. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 41: 130–133.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saiki, T., Y. Kobayashi, K. Kawagoe and T. Beppu. 1985. Dictyoglomus thermophilum gen. nov., sp. nov., a chemoorganotrophic, anaerobic, thermophilic bacterium. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 35: 253–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sunna, A. and P.L. Bergquist. 2003. A gene encoding a novel extremely thermostable 1,4-β-xylanase isolated directly from an environmental DNA sample. Extremophiles 7: 63–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Svetlichnii, V.A. and T.P. Svetlichnaya. 1988. Dictyoglomus turgidus sp. nov., a new extreme thermophilic eubacterium isolated from hot springs in the Uzon Volcano Crater. Microbiology (En. transl. from Mikrobiologiya) 57: 364–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Svetlichnii, V.A. and T.P. Svetlichnaya. 1995. In Validation of the publication of new names and new combinations previously effectively published outside the IJSB. List no. 55. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45: 879–880.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Te’o, V.S., A.E. Cziferszky, P.L. Bergquist and K.M. Nevalainen. 2000. Codon optimization of xylanase gene xynB from the thermophilic bacterium Dictyoglomus thermophilum for expression in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 190: 13–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

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  1. Microbial Discovery Research Unit, School of Biomolecular and Physical Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Kessels Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia

    Bharat K. C. Patel

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Correspondence to Bharat K. C. Patel .

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  1. Department of Microbiology, Bergey’s Manual Trust University of Georgia, 527 Biological Sciences Building, Athens, GA, 30602-2605, USA

    William B. Whitman

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Patel, B.K.C. (2010). Phylum XX. Dictyoglomi phyl. nov.. In: Krieg, N.R., et al. Bergey’s Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68572-4_9

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