Abstract
Spirochetes are Gram-stain-negative, helical or spiral-shaped, motile cells that can flex, rotate and translate through liquid and semisolid environments. Most spirochetes possess a cellular ultrastructure unique to bacteria in that they have internal organelles of motility, namely periplasmic flagella. Consequently, the spirochetes are one of the few bacterial phyla whose phenotypic characteristics, e.g., cell morphology, reflect its phylogenetic relationships as based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons (Garrity and Holt, 2001), forming a distinct line of evolutionary descent among the bacteria (Garrity et al., 2005).
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Notes
- 1.
See Table 121 for listing of species categorized as relapsing fever borreliae, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, and “other borreliae”.
- 2.
Portions of this chapter have been adapted from the previous version in Bergey’s by Smibert (1984). To assure accuracy and completeness, many of the species descriptions from the defining publications are repeated with only minor modifications. We regret that space limitations preclude the inclusion of all references relevant to this chapter.
- 3.
The 16S rRNA sequences of Spirochaeta stenostrepta, Spirochaeta zuelzerae, and Spirochaeta caldaria (described in the section on Spirochaeta) are most similar to those of members of the genus Treponema (Figure 93).
- 4.
- 5.
The following species have been described but can be found in the literature and are not yet classified formally. There are no known cultures of two of these species. They are listed so that if they are isolated again, the description can be used to aid in their identification. The names presently have no standing in nomenclature.
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Paster, B.J. (2010). Phylum XV. Spirochaetes Garrity and Holt 2001. In: Krieg, N.R., et al. Bergey’s Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68572-4_4
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