Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Electrochemistry for the Environment pp 279–306Cite as

Electroreduction of Halogenated Organic Compounds

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

The electroreductive cleavage of the carbon–halogen bond in halogenated organic compounds has been extensively studied for more than 70 years, since it is prodromal to a large variety of synthetic applications in organic electrochemistry. Over the years the research interest have progressively included the environmental applications, since several organic halocompounds are known to have (or have had) a serious environmental impact because of their (present or past) wide use as cleaning agents, herbicides, cryogenic fluids, reagents (e.g. allyl and vinyl monomers) for large production materials, etc. Recent studies have also demonstrated the wide spread out- and in-door-presence of volatile organic halides, although at low level, in connexion with residential and non-residential (e.g. stores, restaurants and transportation) activities. In this context, the detoxification of emissions to air, water and land by the selective removal of the halogen group represents a valid treatment route, which, although not leading to the complete mineralization of the pollutants, produces less harmful streams to be easily treated by electrochemical or conventional techniques. The electroreduction process is analysed and discussed in terms of electrode material, reaction medium, cell design and operation, and of substrate classification.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alatorre Ordaz, A., Manriquez Rocha, J., Acevedo Aguilar, F.J., Gutierrez Granados, S. and Bedioui, F. (2000) Electrocatalysis of the reduction of organic halide derivatives at modified electrodes coated by cobalt and iron macrocyclic complex-based films: Application to the electrochemical determination of pollutants. Analusis 28, 238–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alonso, F., Beletskaya, I.P. and Yus, M. (2002) Metal-mediated reductive hydrodehalogenation of organic halides. Chem. Rev. 102, 4009–4091.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrieux, C.P. and Savéant, J.-M. (1986) Electrochemical reactions. In: Bernasconi, C.F. (Eds.) Investigations of Rates and Mechanisms of Reaction, Techniques of Chemistry, vol. 6, Ch 2.1, Wiley, New York, NY, p. 305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ardizzone, S., Cappelletti, G., Mussini, P.R., Rondinini, S. and Doubova, L.M. (2002) Adsorption competition effects in the electrocatalytic reduction of organic halides on silver. J. Electroanal. Chem. 532, 285–293.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ardizzone, S., Cappelletti, G., Mussini, P.R., Rondinini, S. and Doubova, L.M. (2003a) Electrodeposited polycrystalline silver electrodes: Surface control for electrocatalytical studies. Russ. J. Electrochem. (translation of Elektrokhimija) 39, 170–176.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ardizzone, S., Cappelletti, G., Doubova, L.M., Mussini, P.R., Passeri, S. and Rondinini, S. (2003b) The role of surface morphology on the electrocatalytic reduction of organic halides on mono- and polycrystalline silver. Electrochim. Acta. 48, 3789–3796.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, R.E. (2001) Global hexachlorobenzene emissions. Chemosphere 43, 2167–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baizer, M.M. and Chruma, J.L. (1972) Electrolytic reductive coupling. XXI. Reduction of organic halides in the presence of electrophiles. J. Org. Chem. 37, 1951–60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baizer, M.M. and Wagenknecht, J.H. (1973) Electrolytic preparation of esters from organo halides. (Monsanto Co., USA) US Patent 3764492 19731009; Application: US 72–216721 19720110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bard, A.J. and Faulkner, L.R. (1999) Electrochemical Methods, Wiley, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barhdadi, R., Courtinard, C., Nedelec, J.-Y. and Troupel, M. (2003) Room-temperature ionic liquids as new solvents for organic electrosynthesis. The first examples of direct or nickel-catalyzed electroreductive coupling involving organic halides. Chem. Commun. (Cambridge) 12, 1434–1435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Battistuzzi, G., Borsari, M. and Fontanesi, C. (1993) Theoretical study of the electroreduction of halogenated aromatic compounds. Part 2. Bromine and chlorine derivatives in different organic solvents. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 89, 3931–3939.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Betterton, E.A., Arnold, R.G., Kuhler, R.J. and Santo, G.A. (1995) Reductive dehalogenation of bromoform in aqueous solution. Environ. Health Perspect. 103(Suppl. 5), 89–91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boronina, T., Klabunde, K.J. and Sergeev, G. (1995) Destruction of organohalides in water using metal particles: Carbon tetrachloride/water reaction with magnesium, tin, and zinc. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 1511–1517.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boye, B., Brillas, E., Marselli, B., Michaud, P.-A., Comninellis, C., Farnia, G. and Sandonà, G. (2006) Electrochemical incineration of chloromethylphenoxy herbicides in acid medium by anodic oxidation with boron-doped diamond electrode. Electrochim. Acta, 51, 2872–2880.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brillas, E., Boye, B., Sires, I., Garrido, J.A., Rodriguez, R.M., Arias, C., Cabot, P.-L. and Comninellis, Ch. (2004) Electrochemical destruction of chlorophenoxy herbicides by anodic oxidation and electro-Fenton using a boron-doped diamond electrode. Electrochim. Acta, 49, 4487–4496.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Briois, C., Ryan, S., Tabor, D., Touati, A. and Gullett, B.K. (2007) Formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from a mixture of chlorophenols over fly ash: Influence of water vapor. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41, 850–856.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, O.R. and Harrison, J.A. (1969) Reactions of cathodically generated radicals and anions. J. Electroanal. Chem. Int. Electrochem. 21, 387–407.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burris, D.R., Delcomyn, Smith and Roberts, L.A. (1996) Reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene catalyzed by vitamin B-12 in homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 3047–3052.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cabot, P.L., Centelles, M., Segarra, L. and Casado, J. (1997) Palladium-assisted electrodehalogenation of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane on lead cathodes combined with hydrogen diffusion anodes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 144, 3749–3757.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cabot, P.L., Segarra, L. and Casado, J. (2004) Electrodegradation of chlorofluorocarbons in a laboratory-scale flow cell with a hydrogen diffusion anode. J. Electrochem. Soc. 151, B98–B104.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Canizares, P., Lobato, J., Paz, R., Rodrigo, M.A. and Saez, C. (2005) Electrochemical oxidation of phenolic wastes with boron-doped diamond anodes. Water Res. 39, 2687–2703.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaussard, J., Troupel, M., Robin, Y., Jacob, C. and Jubasz, J.P. (1989) Scale-up of electrocarboxylation reactions with a consumable anode. J. Appl. Electrochem. 19, 345–348.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, G. (2004) Electrochemical technologies in wastewater treatment. Sep. Purif. Technol, 38, 11–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, G., Betterton, E.A. and Arnold, R.G. (1999) Electrolytic oxidation of trichloroethylene using a ceramic anode. J. Appl. Electrochem. 29, 961–970.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, G., Betterton, E.A., Arnold, R.G. and Ela, W.P. (2003) Electrolytic reduction of trichloroethylene and chloroform at a Pt- or Pd-coated ceramic cathode. J. Appl. Electrochem. 33, 161–169.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, I.F., Fernando, Q. and Korte, N. (1997) Electrochemical dechlorination of 4-chlorophenol to phenol. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 1074–1078.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, H., Scott, K. and Christensen, P.A. (2003a) Electrochemical hydrodehalogenation of chlorinated phenols in aqueous solutions. J. Electrochem. Soc. 150, D17–D24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, H., Scott, K. and Christensen, P.A. (2003b) Electrochemical hydrodehalogenation of chlorinated phenols in aqueous solutions. J. Electrochem. Soc. 150, D25–D29.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, H., Scott, K. and Christensen, P.A. (2003c) Hydrodehalogenation of 2,4-dibromophenol by electrochemical reduction. J. Appl. Electrochem. 33, 893–899.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, H., Scott, K. and Christensen, P.A. (2004a) Feasibility study of electrochemical hydrodehalogenation of 2,4-dibromophenol in a paraffin oil. Electrochim. Acta 49, 729–735.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, H., Scott, K. and Christensen, P.A. (2004b) Design and operation of a solid polymer electrolyte reactor for electrochemical hydrodehalogenation. Chem. Eng. J. (Amsterdam) 102, 161–170.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, H., Scott, K. and Christensen, P.A. (2004c) Engineering aspects of electrochemical hydrodehalogenation of 2,4-dichlorophenol in a solid polymer electrolyte reactor. Appl. Catal. A: General 261, 1–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, H., Scott, K. and Christensen, P.A. (2004d) Electrochemical hydrodehalogenation of 2,4-dichlorophenol in paraffin oil and comparison with aqueous systems. J. Electroanal. Chem. 566, 131–138.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, H., Scott, K. and Christensen, P.A. (2004e) Electrochemical hydrodehalogenation of 2,4-dibromophenol in paraffin oil using a solid polymer electrolyte reactor. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38, 638–642.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cherepy, N.J. and Wildenschild, D. (2003) Electrolyte management for effective long-term electro-osmotic transport in low-permeability soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37, 3024–3030.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chetty, R., Christensen, P.A., Golding, B.T. and Scott, K. (2004) Fundamental and applied studies on the electrochemical hydrodehalogenation of halogenated phenols at a palladised titanium electrode. Appl. Catal. A: General 271, 185–194.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Comninellis, Ch. and Nerini, A. (1995) Anodic oxidation of phenol in the presence of NaCl for wastewater treatment. J. Appl. Electrochem. 25, 23–28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Compton, R.G., Marken, F. and Rebbitt, T.O. (1996) Sonovoltammetric measurement of the rates of electrode processes with fast coupled homogeneous kinetics: Making macroelectrodes behave like microelectrodes. Chem. Commun. (Cambridge) 1017–1018.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costentin, C., Robert, M. and Savéant, J.-M. (2003) Successive removal of chloride ions from organic polychloride pollutants. Mechanisms of reductive electrochemical elimination in aliphatic gem-polychlorides, α, β-polychloroalkenes, and α, β-polychloroalkanes in mildly protic medium. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 10729–10739.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costentin, C., Robert, M. and Savéant, J.-M. (2006a) Electron transfer and bond breaking: Recent advances. Chem. Phys. 324, 40–56.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costentin, C., Robert, M. and Savéant, J.-M. (2006b) Electrochemical concerted proton and electron transfers. Potential-dependent rate constant, reorganization factors, proton tunneling and isotope effects. J. Electroanal. Chem. 588, 197–206.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delcomyn, C.A., Smith, M.H. and Roberts, L.A. (1996) Reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene catalyzed by vitamin B-12 in homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 3047–3052.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Lima Leite, R.H., Cognet, P., Wilhelm, A.-M. and Delmas, H. (2002) Anodic oxidation of 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid for wastewater treatment: Study of ultrasound activation. Chem. Eng. Sci. 57, 767–778.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Lima Leite, R.H., Cognet, P., Wilhelm, A.-M. and Delmas, H. (2003) Anodic oxidation of 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid for wastewater treatment. J. Appl. Electrochem. 33, 693–701.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delli, E., Kyriacou, G. and Lambrou, C. (1998) Electrochemical reduction of CCl2F2 on Nafion solid polymer electrolyte composite electrodes. Chem. Commun. (Cambridge). 16, 1693–1694.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deutscher, R.L. and Cathro, K.J (2001) Organochlorine formation in magnesium electrowinning cells. Chemosphere 43, 147–155.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doherty, A.P., Koshechko, V., Titov, V. and Mishura, A. (2007) Freon electrochemistry in room-temperature ionic liquids. J. Electroanal. Chem. 602, 91–95.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dombek, T., Davis, D., Stine, J. and Klarup, D. (2004) Degradation of terbutylazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-terbutylamino-1,3,5- triazine), deisopropyl atrazine (2-amino-4-chloro-6-ethylamino-1,3,5-triazine), and chlorinated dimethoxy triazine (2-chloro-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3, 5-triazine) by zero valent iron and electrochemical reduction. Environ. Pollut. 129, 267–275.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EC 850/2004 Persistent Organic Pollutants. O. J. Eur. Union, 30.04.2004, L158/1–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • EC Decision, Proposal COM (2004) 537, 04.08.2004. Amendments to Annexes I–III of the 1998 Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Persistent Organic Pollutants and to Annexes A–C of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.

    Google Scholar 

  • EC Regulation, Proposal COM (2006) 242, 31.05.2006, Amending Annex IV to Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council on Persistent Organic Pollutants and Amending Directive 79/117/EEC.

    Google Scholar 

  • EC Regulation, Proposal COM (2006) 252, 31.05.2006, Amending Annex V to Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council on Persistent Organic Pollutants and Amending Directive 79/117/EEC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falciola, L., Gennaro, A., Isse, A.A., Mussini, P.R. and Rossi M. (2006) The solvent effect in the electrocatalytic reduction of organic bromides on silver. J. Electroanal. Chem. 593, 47–56.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fan, C., Zhuang, Y., Li, G., Zhu, J., Zhu, D. (2000) Direct electrochemistry and enhanced catalytic activity for hemoglobin in a sodium montmorillonite film. Electroanalysis 12, 1156–1158.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farrell, J., Kason, M., Melitas, N. and Li, T. (2000) Investigation of the long-term performance of zerovalent iron for reductive dechlorination of trichloroethylene. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 514–521.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fedurco, M., Sartoretti, C.J. and Augustynski, J. (2001) Reductive cleavage of the carbon-halogen bond in simple methyl and methylene halides. Reactions of the methyl radical and carbene at the polarized electrode/aqueous solution interface. Langmuir 17, 2380–2387.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldberg, S.W. (1969) Digital simulation. In: Bard, A.J. (Ed.) Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol. 3, CRC, Boca Raton, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiori, G., Mussini, P.R., Rondinini, S. and Vertova, A. (2002) Selective dehalogenation of bromophenols on ag electrocatalyst. Ann. Chim. (Milan) 92, 963–972.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fiori, G., Rondinini, S., Sello, G., Vertova, A., Cirja, M. and Conti, L. (2005) Electroreduction of volatile organic halides on activated silver cathodes. J. Appl. Electrochem. 35, 363–368.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fontana, A. (1993) Electrochemical methods in organic chemistry. II: Industrial applications Chim. Nouv. 11, 1232–1236.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foresti, M.L., Innocenti, M., Forni, F. and Guidelli, R. (1998) Electrosorption valency and partial charge transfer in halide and sulfide adsorption on Ag(111). Langmuir 14, 7008–7016.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fram, M.S., Berghouse, J.K., Bergamaschi, B.A., Fujii, R., Goodwin, K.D. and Clark, J.F. (2002) Water-quality monitoring and studies of the formation and fate of trihalomethanes during the third injection, storage, and recovery test at Lancaster, Antelope Valley, California, March 1998 through April 1999. US Geological Survey, Open-File Report 02–102, Sacramento, CA, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gassman, J., Voss, J. and Adiwidjaja, G. (1995) Electroreduction of organic compounds. 25. Electrochemical dehalogenation of chlorinated insecticides. Zeit. Natur. B: Chem. Sci. 50, 953–958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gennaro, A., Sanchez-Sanchez, C.M., Isse, A.A. and Montiel V. (2004) Electrocatalytic synthesis of 6-aminonicotinic acid at silver cathodes under mild conditions. Electrochem. Commun. 6, 627–631.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Georgolios, N., Kyriacou, G. and Ritzoulis, G. (2001) Electrochemical reduction of dichlorodifluoromethane on silver and lead electrodes. J. Appl. Electrochem. 31, 207–212.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gherardini, L., Michaud, P.A., Panizza, M., Comninellis, Ch. and Vatistas N. (2001) Electrochemical oxidation of 4-chlorophenol for wastewater treatment: Definition of normalized current efficiency. J. Electrochem. Soc. 148, D78–D82.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Golinske, D. and Voss, J. (2005) Electroreduction of organic compounds, 35. Quantum chemical calculations of reaction pathways for the cathodic dehalogenation of chloro-dibenzo-furans and oligo-chlorobenzenes. Zeit. Natur. B: Chem. Sci. 60, 780–786.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guerrini, M., Mussini, P.R., Rondinini, S., Torri, G. and Vismara, E. (1998) Electrochemical reduction of halogenosugars on silver: A new approach to C-disaccharides. Chem. Commun. 15, 1575–1575.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammerich, O. (2001) Methods for studies of electrochemical reactions. In: Lund, H. and Hammerich, O. (Eds) Organic Electrochemistry, 4th ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, pp. 95–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • He, J., Saez, A.E., Ela, W.P., Betterton, E.A. and Arnold, R.G. (2004a) Destruction of aqueous-phase carbon tetrachloride in an electrochemical reactor with a porous cathode. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 43, 913–923.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He, J., Ela, W.P., Betterton, E.A., Arnold, R.G. and Saez, A.E. (2004b) Reductive dehalogenation of aqueous-phase chlorinated hydrocarbons in an electrochemical reactor. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 43, 7965–7974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horanyi, G. and Torkos, K. (1982) Electrocatalytic reduction of some halogenated derivatives of methane and acetic acid at a platinized platinum electrode in acid medium. J. Electroanal. Chem. Int. Electrochem. 140, 329–346.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hori, Y., Murata, K. and Oku, T. (2003) Electrochemical dechlorination of chlorinated hydrocarbons – electrochemical reduction of chloroform in acetonitrile/water mixtures at high current density. Chem. Lett. 32, 230–231.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inokuchi, T. and Kusumoto, M. (2001) Selective dehalogenation of 6,6-dibromopenicillanates by indirect electroreduction with diphenyl diselenide as a recyclable mediator. J. Electroanal. Chem. 507, 34–36.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isse, A.A. and Gennaro, A. (2002a) Electrocatalytic carboxylation of benzyl chlorides at silver cathodes in acetonitrile. Chem. Commun. (Cambridge) 2798–2799.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isse, A.A. and Gennaro, A. (2002b) Electrochemical synthesis of cyanoacetic acid from chloroacetonitrile and carbon dioxide. J. Electrochem. Soc. 149, D113–D117.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isse, A.A. and Gennaro, A. (2003) Electrochemical reduction of benzyl bromide in the presence of carbon dioxide. Indian J. Chem. Sec. A Inorg. Phys. Theor. Anal. Chem. 42, 751–757.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isse, A.A. and Gennaro, A. (2004) Homogeneous reduction of haloacetonitriles by electrogenerated aromatic radical anions: Determination of the reduction potential of ⋅CH2CN. J. Phys. Chem. A 108, 4180–4186.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isse, A.A., Galia, A., Belfiore, C., Silvestri, G. and Gennaro, A. (2002) Electrochemical reduction and carboxylation of halobenzophenones. J. Electroanal. Chem. 526, 41–52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isse, A.A., Ferlin, M.G. and Gennaro, A. (2005a) Electrocatalytic reduction of arylethyl chlorides at silver cathodes in the presence of carbon dioxide: Synthesis of 2-arylpropanoic acids. J. Electroanal. Chem. 581, 38–45.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isse, A.A., Scialdone, O., Galia A. and Gennaro A. (2005b) The influence of aluminium cations on electrocarboxylation processes in undivided cells with Al sacrificial anodes. J. Electroanal. Chem. 585, 220–229.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isse, A.A., Falciola, L., Mussini, P.R. and Gennaro, A. (2006a) Relevance of electron transfer mechanism in electrocatalysis: The reduction of organic halides at silver electrodes. Chem. Commun. 344–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isse, A.A., Gottardello, S., Maccato, C. and Gennaro A. (2006b) Silver nanoparticles deposited on glassy carbon. Electrocatalytic activity for reduction of benzyl chloride. Electrochem. Commun. 8, 1707–1712.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isse, A.A., De Giusti, A. and Gennaro, A. (2006c) One- versus two-electron reaction pathways in the electrocatalytic reduction of benzyl bromide at silver cathodes. Tetrahedron Lett. 47, 7735–7739.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isse, A.A., De Giusti, A., Gennaro, A., Falciola, L. and Mussini, P.R. (2006d) Electrochemical reduction of benzyl halides at a silver electrode. Electrochim. Acta 51, 4956–4964.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwakura, C., Tsuchiyama, Y., Higashiyama, K., Higuchi, E. and Inoue, H. (2004) Successive hydrogenation and dechlorination systems using palladized ion exchange membranes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 151, D1–D5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ju, X., Hecht, M., Galhotra, R.A., Ela, W.P., Betterton, E.A., Arnold, R.G. and Saez, A.E. (2006) Destruction of gas-phase trichloroethylene in a modified fuel cell. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 612–617.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Juttner, K., Galla, U. and Schmieder, H. (2000) Electrochemical approaches to environmental problems in the process industry. Electrochim. Acta 45, 2575–2594.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kimbrough, D.E. and Suffet, I.H. (2002) Electrochemical removal of bromide and reduction of THM formation potential in drinking water. Water Res. 36, 4902–4906.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kluyev, N., Cheleptchikov, A., Brodsky, E., Soyfer, V. and Zhilnikov, V. (2002) Reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins by zerovalent iron in subcritical water. Chemosphere 46, 1191–1193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolthoff, I.M. and Lingane, J.J. (1941) Polarography, Interscience, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korshin, G.V. and Jensen, M.D. (2001) Electrochemical reduction of haloacetic acids and exploration of their removal by electrochemical treatment. Electrochim. Acta 47, 747–751.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koshechko, V.G. and Kiprianova, L.A. (1999) Electrochemically activated insertion of fluoroalkyl groups into organic and inorganic substrates. Theor. Exp. Chem. (Translation of Teoreticheskaya i Eksperimental’naya Khimiya) 35, 18–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koshechko, V.G., Titov, V.E. and Sednev, D.V. (1994) New route for producing acrylic acid copolymers, based on electrochemical carboxylation of poly(vinyl halide)s and polybutadiene. Polymer 35, 1787–1788.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Köster, F., Dinjus, E. and Dunach, E. (2001) Electrochemical selective incorporation of CO2 into terminal alkynes and diynes. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 13, 2507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotsinaris, A., Kyriacou, G. and Lambrou, Ch. (1998) Electrochemical reduction of dichloromethane to higher hydrocarbons. J. Appl. Electrochem. 28, 613–616.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kulikov, S.M., Plekhanov, V.P., Tsyganok, A.I., Schlimm, C. and Heitz, E. (1996) Electrochemical reductive dechlorination of chloroorganic compounds on carbon cloth and metal-modified carbon cloth cathodes. Electrochim. Acta 41, 527–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuznetsov, A.M., German, E.D., Masliy, A.N. and Korshin, G.V. (2004) A density functional study of dissociative electron transfer reactions with participation of halogenated methanes. J. Electroanal. Chem. 573, 315–325.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laine D.F. and Cheng I.F. (2007) The destruction of organic pollutants under mild reaction conditions: A review. Microchem. J. 85, 183–193.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leonel, E., Paugam, J.P., Condon-Gueugnot, S. and Nedelec, J.-Y. (1998) Cyclopropane formation by electroreductive coupling of activated olefins and gem-polyhalo compounds. Tetrahedron 54, 3207–3218.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, T. and Farrell, J. (2000) Reductive dechlorination of trichloroethene and carbon tetrachloride using iron and palladized-iron cathodes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 173–179.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, C.H. and Tseng, S.K. (2000) Electrochemically reductive dechlorination of chlorophenol using nickel and zinc electrodes. Water Sci. Technol. 42, 167–172.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Z., Arnold, R.G., Betterton, E.A. and Festa, K.D. (1999) Electrolytic reduction of CCl4. Effects of cathode material and potential on kinetics, selectivity, and product stoichiometry. Environ. Eng. Sci. 16, 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Z., Betterton, E.A. and Arnold, R.G. (2000) Electrolytic reduction of low molecular weight chlorinated aliphatic compounds: Structural and thermodynamic effects on process kinetics. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 804–811.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Z., Arnold, R.G., Betterton, E.A. and Smotkin, E. (2001) Reductive dehalogenation of gas-phase chlorinated solvents using a modified fuel cell. Environ. Sci. Technol 35, 4320–4326.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, P.Y., Zheng, M.H. and Xu, X.B. (2002) Phototransformation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins from photolysis of pentachlorophenol on soils surface. Chemosphere 46, 1191–1193.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H.-H., Wan, Y.-Q. and Zou, G.-L. (2006) Direct electrochemistry and electrochemical catalysis of immobilized haemoglobin in an ethanol-water mixture. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 385, 1470–1476.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowry, GV and Johnson, KM. (2004) Congener-specific dechlorination of dissolved PCBs by microscale and nanoscale zerovalent iron in a water/methanol solution. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38, 5208–5216.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lund, H. (2002) A century of organic electrochemistry. J. Electrochem. Soc. 149, S21–S33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, X., Liu, X., Xiao, H., Li, G. (2005) Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of haemoglobin in poly-3-hydroxybutyrate membrane. Biosens. Bioelectron. 20, 1836–1842.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magdesieva, T.V., Graczyk, M., Vallat, A., Nikitin, O.M., Demyanov, P.I., Butin, K.P. and Vorotyntsev, M.A. (2006) Electrochemically reduced titanocene dichloride as a catalyst of reductive dehalogenation of organic halides. Electrochim. Acta 52, 1265–1280.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maran, F., Wayner, D.D.M. and Workentin, M.S. (2001) Kinetics and mechanism of the dissociative reduction of C–X and X–X bonds (X = O, S). Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 36, 85–166.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marcus, R.A. (1964) Chemical and electrochemical electron-transfer theory. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 15, 155–196.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meites, L. (1965) Polarographic Techniques, 2nd ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Migani, A. and Illas, F. (2006) A systematic study of the structure and bonding of halogens on low-index transition metal surfaces. J. Phys. Chem. 110, 11894–11906.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, L.L. and Riekena, E. (1969) The electrochemical reduction of vynil bromides. J. Org. Chem. 34, 3359–3362.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra, D. and Farrell, J. (2005) Understanding nitrate reactions with zerovalent iron using tafel analysis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 645–650.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyoshi, K., Kamegaya, Y. and Matsumura, M. (2004a) Electrochemical reduction of organohalogen compound by noble metal sintered electrode. Chemosphere 56, 187–193.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyoshi, K., Kamegaya, Y. and Matsumura, M. (2004b) Destruction of 1, 2, 3-trichlorobenzene in sediment extract by Na ion supply system. Electrochemistry 72, 830–832.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyoshi, K., Alfafara, C.G., Matsumura, M. (2004c) Dechlorination of organohalogen compounds by an electrocatalytic cation supply system. J. Electroanal. Chem. 568, 293–300.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moglie, Y., Alonso, F., Vitale, C., Yus, M. and Radivoy, G. (2006) Active-iron-promoted hydrodehalogenation of organic halides. Appl. Catal. A: General 313, 94–100.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montecatini Edison S.p.a., (1969) Italian Patent, 852,487.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mussini, P.R., Ardizzone, S., Cappelletti, G., Longhi, M., Rondinini, S. and Doubova, L.M. (2003) Surface screening effects by specifically adsorbed halide anions in the electrocatalytic reduction of a model organic halide at mono- and polycrystalline silver in acetonitrile. J. Electroanal. Chem. 552, 213–221.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muthuraman, G. and Pillai, K.C. (2006) Dechlorination of β-methylallyl chloride by electrogenerated Co(I)bipyridine3 +: An electrochemical study in the presence of cationic surfactants. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 297, 687–695.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naumczyk, J., Szpyrkowicz, L., De Faveri, M.D. and Zilio-Grandi F. (1996) Electrochemical treatment of tannery wastewater containing high strength pollutants. Process Saf. Environ. Protect. 74, 59–68.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nedelec, J.-Y., Perichon, J. and Troupel, M. (1997) Organic electroreductive coupling reactions using transition metal complexes as catalysts. Top. Curr. Chem. 185, 141–173.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nunnecke, D. and Voss, J. (1999) Electroreduction of organic compounds. Part 32. Indirect electrodehalogenation of chloro arenes in methanol mediated by nickel complexes. Acta Chem. Scand. 53, 824–829.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Öberg, T., Öhrström, T. and Bergström, J. (2007) Metal catalyzed formation of chlorinated aromatic compounds: A study of the correlation pattern in incinerator fly ash. Chemosphere 67, S185–S190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oturan, M.A., Oturan, N., Lahitte, C. and Trevin, S. (2001) Production of hydroxyl radicals by electrochemically assisted Fenton’s reagent: Application to the mineralization of an organic micropollutant, pentachlorophenol. J. Electroanal. Chem. 507, 96–102.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pause, L., Robert, M. and Savéant, J.-M. (2000) Reductive cleavage of carbon tetrachloride in a polar solvent. An example of a dissociative electron transfer with significant attractive interaction between the caged product fragments. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122, 9829–9835.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perichon, J., Sock, O. and Troupel, M. (1986) Electrosynthesis of carboxylic acids. Ger. Offen. DE 3522304 A1 19860102 Patent Application: DE 85–3522304 19850621. Priority: FR 84–9787 19840621, p. 32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Persinger, J.D., Hayes, J.L., Klein, L.J., Peters, D.G., Karty, J.A. and Reilly, J.P. (2004) Catalytic reduction of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (CFC-113) by cobalt(I) salen electrogenerated at vitreous carbon cathodes. J. Electroanal. Chem. 568, 157–165.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters, D.G. (2001) Halogenated organic compounds. In: H. Lund and O. Hammerich (Eds.) Organic Electrochemistry, 4th ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, pp. 341–377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pletcher, D. (1982) Industrial Electrochemistry, Chapman and Hall, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polcaro, A.M., Mascia, M., Palmas, S. and Vacca, A. (2004) Electrochemical degradation of diuron and dichloroaniline at BDD electrode. Electrochim. Acta 49, 649–656.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ragaini, V., Selli, E., Bianchi L.C. and Pirola C. (2001) Sono-photocatalytic degradation of 2-chlorophenol in water: Kinetic and energetic comparison with other techniques. Ultrason. Sonochem. 8, 251–258.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robert, M. and Savéant, J.-M. (2005) Electroenzymatic reactions. Investigation of a reductive dehalogenase by means of electrogenerated redox cosubstrates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 13583–13588.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, A.L., Totten, L.A., Arnold, W.A., Burris, D.R. and Campbell, T.J. (1996) Reductive elimination of chlorinated ethylenes by zerovalent metals. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 2654–2659.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigo, M.A., Michaud, P.A., Duo, I., Panizza, M., Cerisola, G. and Comninellis, Ch. (2001) Oxidation of 4-chlorophenol at boron-doped diamond electrode for wastewater treatment. J. Electrochem. Soc. 148, D60–D64.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rondinini, S. and Vertova, A. (2004) Electrocatalysis on silver and silver alloys for dichloromethane and trichloromethane dehalogenation. Electrochim. Acta 49, 4035–4046.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rondinini, S., Mussini, P.R., Sello, G., Vismara, E. (1998) Glycosyl halides as building blocks for the electrosynthesis of glycosides. J. Electrochem. Soc. 145, 1108–1112.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rondinini, S., Mussini, P.R., Cantù, G. and Sello, G. (1999) Cathode and medium effects on the electroreductive glucosidation of phenols. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 1, 2989–2995.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rondinini, S., Mussini, P.R., Crippa, F. and Sello, G. (2000) Electrocatalytic potentialities of silver as a cathode for organic halide reductions. Electrochem. Commun. 2, 491–496.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rondinini, S., Mussini, P.R., Specchia, M. and Vertova, A. (2001a) The electrocatalytic performance of silver in the reductive dehalogenation of bromophenols. J. Electrochem Soc. 148, D102–D107.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rondinini, S., Mussini, P.R., Muttini, P. and Sello, G. (2001b) Silver as a powerful electrocatalyst for organic halide reduction: The critical role of molecular structure. Electrochim. Acta, 46, 3245–3258.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rusling, J.F., Miaw, C.L. and Couture, E.C. (1990) Electrocatalytic dehalogenation of α-haloacetic acids by vitamin B12. Inorg. Chem. 29, 2025–2027.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ryu, J.-Y., Choi, K.-C. and Mulholland, J.A. (2006) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofurna (PCDF) isomer patterns from municipal waste combustion: Formation mechanism fingerprints. Chemosphere. 65, 1526–1536.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanecki, P.T. and Skitał, P.M. (2007) The electroreduction of alkyl iodides and polyiodides. The kinetic model of EC(C)E and ECE-EC(C)E mechanisms with included transfer coefficient variability. Electrochim. Acta 52, 4675–4684.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savall, A., Abdelhedi, R., Dalbéra, S. and Bouguerra, M.L. (1990a) Reduction electrochimique du trichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane: Effet catalytique de l’ion ammonium. Electrochim. Acta, 35, 1727–1737.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savall, A., Abdelhedi, R., Dalbéra, S. and Bouguerra, M.L. (1990b) Réduction électrochimique du trichloro-1,1,2 trifluoroéthane: étude de la corrosion chimique de cathodes de zinc. J. Appl. Electrochem. 20, 1045–1052.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savéant, J.-M. (1987) A simple model for the kinetics of dissociative electron transfer in polar solvents. Application to the homogeneous and heterogeneous reduction of alkyl halides. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109, 6788–6795.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savéant, J.-M. (2000) Electron transfer, bond breaking and bond formation. Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 35, 117–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schizodimou, A., Kyriacou, G. and Lambrou, C. (1999) Electrochemical reduction of dichlorodifluoromethane in acetonitrile medium to useful fluorinated compounds. J. Electroanal. Chem. 471, 26–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schnabel, C., Worner, M., Gonzalez, B., Del Olmo, I. and Braun, A.M., (2001) Photoelectrochemical characterization of p- and n-doped single crystalline silicon carbide and photoinduced reductive dehalogenation of organic pollutants at p-doped silicon carbide. Electrochim. Acta 47, 719–727.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scialdone, O., Galia, A., La Rocca, C. and Filardo, G. (2005) Influence of the nature of the substrate and of operative parameters in the electrocarboxylation of halogenated acetophenones and benzophenones. Electrochim. Acta 50, 3231–3242.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simonet, J. (2005) The one electron reduction of primary alkyl iodides at palladiated surfaces. A convenient and general source of alkyl radicals. J. Electroanal. Chem. 583, 34–45.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simonet, J. (2006) The platinized platinum interface in super-dry solvents: Cathodic reversible reactivity and morphology modifications in the presence of tetramethylammonium salts. J. Electroanal. Chem. 593, 3–14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simonet, J. and Peters, D.G. (2004) Electrochemical conversion of primary alkyl halides to alkenes at platinum cathodes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 151, D7–D12.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simonet, J., Poizot, P. and Laffont, L. (2006) A copper–palladium alloy usable as cathode material mode of formation and first examples of catalytic cleavages of carbon-halide bonds. J. Electroanal. Chem. 591, 19–26.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sonoyama, N. and Sakata, T. (1998) Electrochemical decomposition of CFC-12 using gas diffusion electrodes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 375–378.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sonoyama, N., Ezaki, K., Fujii, H. and Sakata, T. (2002) Electrochemical conversion of CFC-12 to tetrafluoroethylene: Electrochemical formation of difluorocarbene. Electrochim. Acta, 47, 3847–3851.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stock, N.L. and Bunce, N.J. (2002) Electrocatalytic dechlorination of atrazine. Can. J. Chem. 80, 200–206.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stromberg, J.R., Wnuk, J.D., Pinlac, R.A.F. and Meyer, G.J. (2006) Multielectron transfer at heme-functionalized nanocrystalline TiO2: Reductive dechlorination of DDT and CCl4 forms stable carbene compounds. Nanoletters 6, 1284–1286.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takita, Y., Yamada, H., Hashira, M. and Ishihara, T. (1990) Conversion of 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (CFC 113) over TiO2-supported metal and metal oxide catalysts. Chem. Lett. 715–718.

    Google Scholar 

  • Titov, V.E., Mishura, A.M. and Koshechko, V.G. (2006) The effect of the cathode material on the electrochemical activation and dehalogenation of C-2 freons. Theor. Exp. Chem. 42, 224–228.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, Y-C., Coles, B.A., Compton, R.G. and Marken, F. (2002) Microwave activation of electrochemical processes: Enhanced electrodehalogenation in organic solvent media. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124, 9784–9788.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsyganok, A.I. and Otsuka, K. (1999) Selective dechlorination of chlorinated phenoxy herbicides in aqueous medium by electrocatalytic reduction over palladium-loaded carbon felt. Appl. Catal. B. Environ. 22, 15–26.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsyganok, A., Otsuka, K., Yamanaka, I., Plekhanov, V. and Kulikov, S. (1996) Selective electrochemical dehalogenation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid in MeCN at room temperature. Chem Lett. 25, 261–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsyganok, A.I., Yamanaka, I. and Otsuka, K. (1998) Pd-loaded carbon felt as the cathode for selective dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in aqueous solution. J. Electrochem. Soc. 145, 3844–3850.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsyganok, A.I., Yamanaka, I. and Otsuka, K. (1999) Dechlorination of chloroaromatics by electrocatalytic reduction over palladium-loaded carbon felt at room temperature. Chemosphere 39, 1819–1831.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uchini, M., Hirano, T., Satoh, H., Nakagawa, M. and Wakamiya, J. (2005) The severity of Minamata disease declined in 25 years: Temporal profile of the neurological findings analyzed by multiple logistic regression model. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 205, 53–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valette, G., Hamelin, A. and Parsons, R. (1978) Specific adsorption on silver single crystals in aqueous solutions. Z. Phys. Chem. Neue Fol. 113, 71–89.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaze, A. and Rusling, J.F. (2006) Microemulsion-controlled reaction sites in biocatalytic films for electrochemical reduction of vicinal dibromides. Langmuir 22, 10788–10795.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • von Stackelberg, M. and Stracke, W. (1949) Das Polarographische Verhalten ungesättiger und halogenierte Kohlenwasserstoffe. Z. Elektrochem. Angew. Phys. Chem. 53, 118–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J., Blowers, P. and Farrell, J. (2004) Understanding reduction of carbon tetrachloride at nickel surfaces. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38, 1576–1581.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warren, K.D., Arnold, R.G., Bishop, T.L., Lindholm, L.C. and Betterton, E.A. (1995) Kinetics and mechanism of reductive dehalogenation of carbon tetrachloride using zero-valence metals. J Hazard. Mater. 41, 217–227.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wawzonek, S. and Willging, S. (1977) Continuous electrochemical preparation of chlorotrifluoroethylene. J. Electrochem. Soc. 124, 860–861.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wendt, H. and Kreysa, G. (1999) Electrochemical Engineering. Science and Technology in Chemical and Other Industries, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winkel, A. and Proske, G. (1936) Über die elektrolytische Reduktion organischer Verbindungen an den Quecksilber-tropfelektrode. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. B 69, Mitteil I, 693–706; Mitteil II, 1917–1929.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, M., Honeychurch, M.J., Hill, H. and Allen O. (1999) Bioelectrochemical dehalogenations via direct electrochemistry of poly(ethylene oxide)-modified myoglobin. Electrochem. Commun. 1, 609–613.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, N., Blowers, P. and Farrell, J. (2005) Ab initio study of carbon-chlorine bond cleavage in carbon tetrachloride. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 612–617.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, D.-L., Carrero, H. and Rusling, J.F. (1996) Radical vs anionic pathway in mediated electrochemical reduction of benzyl bromide in a bicontinuous microemulsion. Langmuir 12, 3067–3074.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuman, P. (1967) Substituent Effects in Organic Polarography, Plenum, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The financial support of the MUR-Università degli Studi di Milano (FIRST) is gratefully acknowledged.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica ed Elettrochimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

    Sandra Rondinini

Authors
  1. Sandra Rondinini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alberto Vertova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sandra Rondinini .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytech. Fed. Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland

    Christos Comninellis

  2. Science and Technology, Hong Kong University of, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong/PR China

    Guohua Chen

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rondinini, S., Vertova, A. (2010). Electroreduction of Halogenated Organic Compounds. In: Comninellis, C., Chen, G. (eds) Electrochemistry for the Environment. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68318-8_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation