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Principles of Clinical Medicine for Space Flight pp 139–161Cite as

Medical Evacuation and Vehicles for Transport

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This chapter will examine key aspects of present-dayterrestrial and spaceflight medical transport and evacuation, enumerate current challenges, and suggest possible solutions for future spaceflight activities [3–5]. We will discuss present and future standards of care on the ISS, and current vehicles including the Russian Soyuz and the U.S. Space Shuttle. We will also address programs such as the NASA-JSC X-38, and the Orbital Space Plane (OSP) [6–9]. These concepts are applicable to the development of future platforms such as the CEV (Crew Exploration Vehicle). Topics addressed will include:

  1. 1.

    Likelihood and types of spaceflight medical events requiring evacuation [10]

  2. 2.

    Standards of spaceflight medical care and projected capabilities for LEO space stations, lunar exploration, and inter-planetary missions [11]

  3. 3.

    Physiological de-conditioning of astronauts returning from long duration microgravity exposure

  4. 4.

    Psychological aspects of crew performance in medical emergencies after long duration space flight

  5. 5.

    Inherent risks associated with spaceflight medical evacuation due to the microgravity environment and the dynamics of reentry and landing [12,13]

  6. 6.

    Medical requirements and capabilities of an LEO transport and return vehicle [14,15]

  7. 7.

    Human factors for crew work stations in vehicles such as the crew return vehicle (CRV)

  8. 8.

    Ethical issues and medical standards for evacuation from LEO and other space environments where return to definitive medical care is delayed or impossible (such as a Mars surface station).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Smith L. Johnston M.D.,M.S.

  2. Kelsey-Seybold Clinic, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Brian A. Arenare M.D.,M.P.H.

  3. Wyle Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA

    Kieran T. Smart M.S.C.,M.P.H.

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  1. NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Michael R. Barratt M.D.,M.S.  & Sam L. Pool M.D.  & 

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Johnston, S.L., Arenare, B.A., Smart, K.T. (2008). Medical Evacuation and Vehicles for Transport. In: Barratt, M.R., Pool, S.L. (eds) Principles of Clinical Medicine for Space Flight. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68164-1_7

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