Abstract
Injury to the adolescent shoulder poses a unique challenge to the sports medicine team. To determine best practice patterns, the team must utilize an evidenced-based approach. These young athletes sustain injuries caused by both acute, traumatic events and chronic overuse patterns. These injuries affect both osseous and soft-tissue structures. Some of the injuries encountered are unique to this age group.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Lephart SM, Kocher MS. The role of exercise in the prevention of shoulder disorders. In: Matsen FA, Fu FH, Hawkins RJ, eds. The Shoulder: A Balance of Mobility and Stability. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons; 1993;597–620.
Lyman S, Fleisig GS, Waterbor JW, et al. Longitudinal study of shoulder and elbow pain in youth baseball pitchers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;Nov 33(1)1803–1810.
Hutchinson MR, Ireland ML. Overuse and throwing injuries in the skeletally immature athlete. Instr Course Lect 2003;52:25–36.
Clark WA. Anatomy. In: Kelley MJ, Clark WA eds. Orthopedic Therapy of the Shoulder. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co;1995
Sabick MB, Kim YK, Torry MR, et al. Biomechanics of the shoulder in youth baseball pitchers: Implications for the development of proximal humeral epiphysiolysis and humeral retrotorsion. Am J Sports Med 2005;Nov 33(11)1716–1722. Epub 2005 Aug.
Walton J, Paxinos A, Tzannes A, et al. The unstable shoulder in the adolescent athlete. Am J Sport Med 2002;30(5)758–767.
Robertson DD, Yuan J, Bigliani LU, et al. Three-dimensional analysis of the proximal part of the humerus: Relevance to arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg-Am 2000;Nov 82-A(11):1594–1602.
Pearl ML. Proximal humeral anatomy in shoulder arthroplasty: Implications for prosthetic design and surgical technique. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2005;Jan–Feb 14(1 Suppl S):99S–104S.
Sarrafian SK. Gross and functional anatomy of the shoulder. Clin Orthop 1983;173:11.
Regan FM, Meister K, Horodyski MB, et al. Humeral retroversion and its relationship to glenohumeral rotation in the shoulder of college baseball players. Am J Sports Med 2002;May–June 30(3)354–360.
Cooper DE, Arnoczky SP, O’Brien SJ, et al. Anatomy, histology and vascularity of the glenoid labrum. J Bone Joint Surg 1992;74-A(1):46–52.
Huber WP, Putz RV. Periarticular fiber system of the shoulder joint. Arthroscopy 1997;December 13(6)680–691.
O’Brien SJ, Neves MC, Arnoczky SP, et al. The anatomy and histology of the inferior glenohumeral ligament complex of the shoulder. Am J Sports Med 1990;18(5)449–456.
Cole BJ, Warner JJP. Anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology of glenohumeral instability. In: Iannotti JP, Williams GR, eds. Disorders of the Shoulder: Diagnosis and Management. New York: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 1999:207–232.
Meister K, Day T, Horodyski M, et al. Rotational motion changes in the glenohumeral joint of the adolescent/Little League baseball player. Am J Sports Med 2005;May 33(5)693–698.
Werner SL, Guido JA, McNeice RP, et al. Biomechanics of youth windmill softball pitching. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33(4)552–560.
Meyers JB, Laudner KG, Pasquale MR, et al. Scapular position and orientation in throwing athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33(2)263–271.
Connell DA, Potter HG, Wickiewicz TL, et al. Noncontrast magnetic resonance imaging of superior labral lesions: 102 cases confirmed at arthroscopic surgery. Am J Sports Med 1999;27(2)208–213.
Bencardino JT, Beltran J, Rosenberg ZS, et al. Superior labrum anteriorposterior lesions: Diagnosis with MR arthrography of the shoulder. Radiology 2000;214:267–271.
Connor PM, Banks DM, Tyson AB, et al. MRI of the asymptomatic shoulder of overhead athletes: A 5-year follow up study. Am J Sports Med 1993;31(5)724–727
Miniaci A, Mascia AT, Salonen DC, et al. MRI of the shoulder in asymptomatic professional baseball pitchers. Am J Sports Med 2002;30(1)66–73.
Gray H. Anatomy of the Human Body. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger;1985
Dameron TB, Rockwood CA. Fractures and Dislocations of the shoulder. In: Rockwood CA, Wilkins KE, King RE, eds. Fractures in Children. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott; 1984:624–653.
Nowak J, Holgersson M, Larsson S. Can we predict sequelae following fractures of the clavicle based on initial findings? A prospective study with 9–10 years follow-up. In: Program and Abstracts of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons 18th Open Meeting; 2002 Feb 16; Dallas, TX.
Wagner KT Jr, Lyde ED. Adolescent traumatic dislocations of the shoulder with open epiphyses. J Pediatr Orthop 1983;3:61–62.
Marans HJ, Angel KR, Schemitsch EH, et al. The fate of traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder in children. JBJS 1992;74A:1242–1244.
Dietch J, Mehlman CT, Foad SL, et al. Traumatic anterior shoulder dislocations in adolescents. Am J Sports Med 2003;Sept–Oct 31(5)758–763.
Foster WS, Ford TB, Drez D. Isolated posterior shoulder dislocation in a child. Am J Sports Med 1985;13:198–200.
Lawton RL, Choudhury S, Mansat P, et al. Pediatric shoulder instability: Presentation, findings, treatment, outcomes. J Pediatr Orthop 2002;Jan–Feb 22(1)52–61
Bottom CR, Wilckens JH, DeBerardino TM, et al. A prospective, randomized evaluation of arthroscopic stabilization versus nonoperative treatment in patients with acute, traumatic, first-time shoulder dislocations. Am J Sports Med 2002;Jul–Aug 30(4)576–580.
Postacchini F, Gumina S, Cinotti G. Anterior shoulder dislocation in adolescents. J Should Elbow Surg 2000;9:470–474.
Itoi E, Hatakeyama Y, Kido T, et al. A new method of immobilization after traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder. A preliminary study. JSES 2003: 12:413–415.
Snyder SJ, Banas MP, Karzel RP. An analysis of 140 injuries to the superior glenoid labrum. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1995; Jul–Aug 4(4)243–248.
Maffet MW, Gartsman GM, Moseley B. Superior labrum-biceps tendon complex lesions of the shoulder. Am J Sports Med 1995; Jan–Feb 23(1)93–98.
Snyder SJ, Karzel RP, DelPizzo W, et al. SLAP lesions of the shoulder. Arthroscopy. 1990;6(4)274–279.
Meister K. Injuries to the shoulder in the throwing athlete. Part Two: Evaluation/Treatment. Am J Sports Med 2000;28(4)587–601.
Altchek DW, Warren RF, Wickiewicz TL, et al. Arthroscopic labral debridement: A three-year follow up study. Am J Sports Med 1992;20(6)702–706.
Wilk KE, Reinhold MM, Dugas JR, et al. Current concepts in the recognition and treatment of superior labral (SLAP) lesions. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2005;35(5)273–291.
Moseley JB, Jobe FW, Pinks M, et al. EMG analysis of the scapular muscles during a shoulder rehabilitation program. Am J Sports Med 1992;20(2)128–134.
Blackburn TA, McLeod WD, White B, et al. EMG analysis of posterior rotator cuff exercises. J Athl Train 1990;25(1)41–45.
Reinhold MM, Wilk KE, Fleisig GS, et al. Electromyographic analysis of the rotator cuff and deltoid musculature during common shoulder external rotation exercises. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2004;Jul 34(7)385–394.
Itoi E, Tabata S. Rotator cuff tears in the adolescent. Orthopaedics 1993;16:78–81.
Norwood LA, Barrack R, Jacobson KE. Clinical presentation of complete tears of the rotator cuff. J Bone Joint Surg 1989;71A:499–505.
Meister K, Andrews JR. Classification and treatment of rotator cuff injuries in the overhand athlete. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1993; Aug 18(2)413–421.
Ireland ML, Satterwhite YE. Shoulder Injuries in Baseball. Andrews JR, Zarins B, Wilk KE, eds. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1998:271–281.
Sugalski MT, Hyman JE, Ahmad CS. Avulsion fracture of the lesser tuberosity in an adolescent baseball pitcher: A case report. Am J Sports Med 2004; Apr–May 32(3)793–796.
Tarkin IS, Morganti CM, Zillmer DA, et al. Rotator cuff tears in adolescent athletes. Am J Sports Med 2005;Apr 33(4)596–601.
Carson WG, Gasser SI. Little leaguer’s shoulder: A report of 23 cases. Am J Sports Med 1998;26(4)575–580.
Mair SD, Uhl TL, Robbe RG, et al. Physeal changes and range-of-motion differences in the dominant shoulders of skeletally immature baseball players. J Should Elbow Surg 2004;Sept–Oct 13(5)487–491.
Chen FS, Diaz VA, Loebenberg M, et al. Shoulder and Elbow Injuries in the Skeletally Immature Athlete. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2005;13(3)172–185.
Montgomery SC, Miller MD. What’s new in sport medicine. J Bone Joint Surg 87A;3;March 2005:686–692.
Levine WN, Bigliani LU, Ahmad CS. Thermal capsulorrhaphy. Orthopedics August 2004;27(4)823–826.
Levine WN, Clark AM Jr., D’Alessandro DF, Yamaguchi K. Chondrolysis following arthroscopic thermal capsulorrhaphy to treat shoulder instability: A report of two cases. JBJS 2005;87-A(3):616–621.
Shepard MF, Dugas JR, Zeng N, et al. Differences in the ultimate strength of the biceps anchor and the generation of type II superior labral anterior to posterior lesions in a cadaveric model. Am J Sports Med 2004;32(5)1197–1201.
Pradhan RL, Itoi E, Hatakeyama Y, et al. Superior labral strain during the throwing motion: A cadaveric study. Am J Sports Med 2001;29(4)488–492
Mihata T, YeonSoo L, McGarry MH, et al. Excessive humeral external rotation results in increased shoulder laxity. Am J Sports Med 2004;32(5)1278–1285.
Burkhart SS, Morgan CD, Kibler WB. The disabled throwing shoulder: Spectrum of pathology. Part I: Pathoanatomy and biomechanics. Arthroscopy 2003; 19(4);404–420.
Walch G, Boileau J, Noel E, et al. Impingement of the deep surface of the supraspinatus tendon on the posterior superior glenoid rim: An arthroscopic study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1992;1:238–243.
Jobe FW, Giangarra CE, Kvitne RS, et al. Anterior capsulolabral reconstruction of the shoulder in athletes in overhand sports. Am J Sports Med 1991;Sept–Oct 19(5)428–434.
Fleisig GS, Andrews JR, Dillman CJ, Escamilla RF. Kinetics of baseball pitching with implications about injury mechanisms. Am J Sports Med 1995;23(2)233–239.
Bey MJ, Elders GJ, Huston LJ, et al. The mechanism of creation of superior labrum, anterior, and posterior lesions in a dynamic biomechanical model of the shoulder: The role of inferior subluxation. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1998; 7(4)397–401.
Jobe CM. The rotator cuff, part II: Superior glenoid impingement. Orthop Clinic North Am 1997;April 28(2)137–143.
Levitz CL, Dugas J, Andrews JR. The use of arthroscopic thermal casulorrhaphy to treat internal impingement in baseball players. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery. 2001;17(6)573–577.
Fleisig GS, Barrentine SW, Zheng N, et al. Kinematic and kinetic comparison of baseball pitching among various levels of development. J Biomech 1999;Dec 32(12)1371–1375.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Guido, J.A., Brown, T. (2007). Adolescent Shoulder Injuries. In: Micheli, L.J., Purcell, L. (eds) The Adolescent Athlete. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-49825-6_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-49825-6_8
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-35964-9
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-49825-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)