Skip to main content

Principles of Rehabilitation

  • Chapter
Book cover The Adolescent Athlete

Abstract

The number of adolescent athletes competing in organized sports has significantly increased over the past several years, thus causing a rise in sport-related injuries. Adolescents are specializing in sports at an earlier age and, in some cases, performing excessive and repetitive training that often leads to overuse injuries. Sport is the number one cause of injuries in 5–17-yr-old children (1). Many sports-related injuries do not receive proper rehabilitation. Adolescents may return to sports training and/or competition too quickly after an injury. This often causes a recurrence of the injury and/or the development of a new injury. Therefore, a comprehensive rehabilitation program to successfully manage an injury is extremely important to ensure the safe return to sport and/or competition. Appropriate rehabilitation and education of athletes, parents, and coaches are essential components in assisting the young athlete’s recovery. In addition, the rehabilitation program should include the athlete’s personal goals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Damore DT, Metzl JD, Ramundo M, et al. Patterns in childhood sports injury. Pediatr Emerg Care 2003;4:19(2):65–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Malina R, Bouchard C, Bar-Or O. Biological maturation: concepts and assessment. In: Malina R, Bouchard C, Bar-Or O, eds. Growth, Maturation and Physical Activity. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics; 2004:277–305.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Bass SL. The prepubertal years: a uniquely opportune stage of growth when the skeleton is most responsive to exercise. Sports Med 2000;2:73–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Kendall HO, Kendall FP. Posture and Pain. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Green WB. The Clinical Measurement of Joint Motion. Rosemont, Chicago: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Norkin C, White DJ. Measurement of Joint Range of Motion: A Guide to Goniometry. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis; 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Kendall FP, McCreary KE. Muscles: Testing and Function. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Hislop HJ, Montgomery J. Daniels and Worthingham’s Muscle Testing. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Rabbia F, Grosso T, Cat Genova G, et al. Assessing resting heart rate in adolescent: determinants and correlates. J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16(5):327–332.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. National Institutes of Health. Blood Pressure Tables for Children and Adolescent. In: Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Department of Health and Human Services, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. May 2004. http://www.nhlbi. nih.gov/guidelines/hypertension/child_tbl.htm. Accessed December 22, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Staley MJ, Richard PL. Burns. In: Schmitz TJ, O’Sullivan SB, eds. Physical rehabilitation: assessment and treatment. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis; 2001:845–872.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Micheli LJ. Overuse syndromes in children in sport: the growth factor. Ortho Clinic North AM 1983;14:337–360.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Thomas HO. Diseases of the Hip, Knee and Ankle Joints with Their Deformities: Treated by a New and Efficient Method. Liverpool, England: T Dorr & Co; 1876.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Ober F. Backache. American Lecture Series No. 243. Springfield, Ill: Charles Thomas Publisher, 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Bradley NS. Motor control: developmental aspects of motor control in skill acquisition. In: Campbell SK, ed. Physical Therapy for Children. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders C; 2000:45–87.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Feltz DL, Ewing ME. Psychological characteristics of the elite young athlete. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002; 19:98–105.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Patel DR. Pediatrics neurodevelopment and sports participation: when are children ready to play sports. Pediatr Clin North Am 2002;49:505–531.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Micheli LJ. Diagnosing and treating your sports injury. In: The Sports Medicine Bible. Micheli LJ, Jenkins M, eds. New York: Harper Perennial; 1995:42–59.

    Google Scholar 

  19. MacAuley D. What is the role of ice in soft tissue injury? In: MacAuley D, Best T, eds. Evidence-based sports medicine. London: BMJ Publishing Group; 2002: 45–62.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Bleakley GA, McDonough S, MacAuley D. The use of ice in the treatment of acute soft tissue injury: a systematic review of randomized trials. Am J Sports 2004; 32:251–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Gaffney A, McGrath PJ, Dick B. Measuring pain in children: developmental and instrument issues. In: Pain in infants, children and adolescents. Schechter NL, Berde CB, Yaster M, eds. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2003:128–141.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Starkey C. Thermal agents. In: Starkey C, ed. Therapeutic Modalities. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis; 2004:110–169.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Rennie GA, Michlovitz S. Biophysical principles of heat and superficial heating agents. In: Michlovitz S, ed. Thermal Agents in Rehabilitation. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis; 1996:107–139.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Curkovic B, Vitulic V, Babic-Naglic D, et al. The influence of heat and cold on the pain threshold in rheumatoid arthritis. Z Rheumatol 1993;52: 289–291.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Walsh MT. Hydrotherapy: the use of water as a therapeutic agent. In: Michlovitz S, ed. Thermal Agents in Rehabilitation. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis; 1996:138–168.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Vickers A, Zollman C. ABC of complimentary medicine. Acupuncture BMJ 1999 Oct; 319(7215):973–976.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Smith JL, Madsen JR. Neurosurgical procedures for the treatment of pain. In: Schechter ML, Berde CV, Yaster M, eds. Pain in infants, Children, and Adolescents. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2003:329–338.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Beard G, Wood E. Massage Principles and Techniques. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Starkey C. Mechanical modalities. In: Starkey C, ed. Therapeutic Modalities. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis; 2004:305–344.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Cordova ML, Scott BD, Ingersol CD, Leblanc MG. Effects of ankle support on lower extremity functional performance: meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005;37:635–641.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Handoll H, Rowe BH, Quinn KM, et al. Interventions for preventing ankle injuries. Cochrane Database System Rev. 2001;(3):CD000018.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Mcdiarmid T, Ziskin M, Michlovitz S. Therapeutic ultrasound. In: Michlovitz S, ed. Thermal Agents in Rehabilitation. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis; 1996: 168–207.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Gann, N. Ultrasound: current concepts. Clin Manage 1991; 11:64–69.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Deforest RE, Herrick JF, Janes JM, Kursen FH. Effects of ultrasound on growing bones: experimental study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1953;34: 21–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Baker KG, Robertson VJ, Duck FA. A review of therapeutic ultrasound: biophysical effects. Phys Ther 2001;74:845–850.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Nelson R, Currier D. Clinical Electrotherapy. Connecticut: Appleton & Lange; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Robertson VJ, Ward AR. Vastus medialis electrical stimulation to improve lower extremity function following a lateral release. J Ortho Sports Phys Ther 2002;32:437–446.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Fitzgerald GK, Piva SR, Irrgang JJ. A modified neuromuscular electrical stimulation protocol for quadriceps strengthening following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2003;33:492–501.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kahn KM, Cook JL, Bonar F, et al. Histopathology of common tendinopathies: update and implications for clinical management. Sports Med 1999;27:393–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Jarvinen TAH, Jarvinen TLN, Kaariainen M, et al. Muscle injuries. The American Journal of Sports Med 2005; 33:745–764.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Safran MR, Garrett Jr WE, Seaber AV, et al. The role of warmup in muscular injury prevention. Am J Med 1998;6:123–129.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Alter J. Stretch and Strengthening. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company; 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Bandy WD, Irion JM, Briggler M. The effect of static stretch and dynamic range of motion training on the flexibility of the hamstring muscles. J Ortho Sports Phys Ther 1998;27:295–300.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Bandy WD, Irion JM. The effect of time on static stretch on the flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Phys Ther 1994;74:845–850.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Knott M, Voss D. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation. New York: Harper Brothers; 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Sran M, Kahn K. Spinal manipulation versus mobilization. CMAJ 2002;7(9): 1–30.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Faigenbaum A, Westcott W. Strength training guidelines. In: Youth Strength Training: A Guide for Fitness Professionals from The American Council on Exercise. Monterey, CA: Healthy Learning Books & Videos; 2004:17–26.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Archambault JM, Wiley JP, Bray RC. Exercise loading of tendons and the development of overuse injuries: a review of current literature. Sports Med 1995;20:77–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Alfredson LC, Pietila T, Jonsson P, et al. Heavy-load eccentric calf muscle training for the treatment of chronic Achilles tendonosis. Am J Sports Med 1998;26:360–366.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Young MA, Cook JL, Purdam CR, et al. Eccentric decline squat protocol offers superior results at 12 months compared with traditional eccentric protocol for patellar tendinopathy in volleyball players. Br J Sports Med 2005;39:102–105.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Kibler WB. Closed kinetic chain rehabilitation for sports injuries. Phys Med Rehabil Clin North Am 2000;11:369–696.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Borsa PA, Lephart SM, Irrang JJ, et al. The effects of joint position and direction of motion on proprioceptive sensibility in anterior cruciate ligament deficient athletes. Am J Sports Med 1997;25:336–340.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Bahr R, Lian O. A two-fold reduction in the incidence of ankle sprains in volleyball. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1997;7:172–177.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Faigenbaum AD, Yap CW. Are plyometrics safe for children? J Strength Cond Rex 2000;22:45–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Dialli O, Dore E, Duche P, Van Praagh E. Effects of plyometric training followed by reduced training program on physical performance of prepubescent soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2001; 41:341–348.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Myer GD, Ford KR, Palumbo JB, Hewett TE. Neuromuscular training improves performance in lower extremity biomechanics in female athletes. Sports Med 2000;30:309–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Lysens R, Steverlynck A, Van den Auweele Y. The predictability of sports injuries. Sports Med 1984;1:6–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Heidt RS, Sweeterman LM, Carlonas RL, et al. Avoidance for soccer injuries with preseason conditioning. Am J Sports Med 2000;28:659–662.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Olsen OE, Myklebust G, Engebresten L, et al. Exercises to prevent lower extremity injuries in youth sports: cluster randomized control trial. BMJ 2005;330:449–455.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Emery CA, Cassidy JD, Klassen TP, et al. Development of a clinical static and dynamic standing balance measurement tool appropriate for use in adolescents. CMAJ 2005;172:749–754.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Hewett TE, Myer GD, Ford KR, et al. Biomechanics measure of neuromuscular control and valgus loading of the knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes: a prospective study. Am J Sports Med 2005;33: 492–501.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Mandelbaum BR, Silvers HJ, Watanabe DS, et al. Effectiveness of neuromuscular training and proprioceptive training in preventing anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes: two year follow-up. Am J Sport Med 2005;33: 1003–1011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Micheli LJ. The Sports Medicine Bible. New York: Harper Collins; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cassella, M.C., Richards, K. (2007). Principles of Rehabilitation. In: Micheli, L.J., Purcell, L. (eds) The Adolescent Athlete. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-49825-6_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-49825-6_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-35964-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-49825-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics