Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Lip, Cheek, and Scalp Reconstruction

  • Chapter
Principles of Cancer Reconstructive Surgery

Abstract

Ancient Hindu descriptions of lip reconstruction date as far back as 3000 BC, but the first written account was by Susruta in 1000 BC (1). Most of the surgical concepts still used today were developed during the mid-1800s and have been adapted and improved over the years. The idea of using like or similar tissues was introduced by Gillies in the 1920s and later modified by Karapandzic in 1974 (2),(3). Refinements by Burget and Menick, based on the subunit principle, placed further emphasis on lip aesthetics (4). Even though new techniques continue to be introduced, the basic tenets of lip reconstruction remain largely unchanged.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Hessler F. Commentarii et Annotationes in Susrutae Ayurvedam Enlager. Enke 1855;12.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Gillies HD. Plastic surgery of the face. London: Hodder & Stoughton; 1920.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Karapandzic M. Reconstruction of lip defects by local arterial flap. Br J Plast Surg 1974;27:93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Burget GC, Menick FJ. The subunit principle in nasal reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 1985;76:239.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Coppit GL, Lin DT, Burkey BB. Current concepts in lip reconstruction. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004;12(4):282–287.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Zide BM. Deformities of the lips and cheeks. In: McCarthy JG (ed.), Plastic surgery, volume three. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1990:2009–2056.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Zide BM, Stile FL. Reconstructive surgery of the lips. In: Aston SJ, Beasley RW, Thorne CHM, Grabb WC, Smith JW (eds.), Grabb and Smith’s plastic surgery, fifth edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1997:483–500.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Spira M, Stal S. V-Y advancement of a subcutaneous pedicle in vermillion lip reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 1983;72:562.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Webster RC, Coffey RJ, Kelleher RE. Total and partial reconstruction of the lower lip with innervated muscle-bearing flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 1960;25:360–371.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Calhoun KH. Reconstruction of small-and medium-sized defects of the lower lip. Am J Otolaryngol 1992;13:16–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Langstein HN, Robb GL. Reconstruction for extensive defects of the lip. Oper Tech Otolaryngol 2005;16(1):2–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Williams EF III, Setzen G, Mulvaney MJ. Modified Bernard-Burrow cheek advancement and cross-lip flap for total lip reconstruction. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996;122:1253–1258.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Wechselberger G, Gurunluoglu R, Bauer T, et al. Functional lower lip reconstruction with bilateral cheek advancement flaps: revisitation of Webster method with a minor modification in the technique. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2002;26:423–428.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Yih WY, Howerton DW. A regional approach to reconstruction of the upper-lip. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1997;55:383–389.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Sadove RC, Luce EA, McGrath PC. Reconstruction of the lower lip and chin with the composite radial forearm-palmaris longus free flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 1991;88:209–214.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Takada K, Sugata T, Yoshiga K, et al. Total upper lip reconstruction using a free radial forearm flap incorporating the brachioradialis muscle: report of a case. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1987;45:959–962.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Ozdemir R, Ortak T, Kocer U, et al. Total lower lip reconstruction using sensate composite radial forearm flap. J Craniofac Surg 2003;14:393–405.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Menick F. Reconstruction of the cheek. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001;108(2):496–505.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Feldman J. Reconstruction of the burned face in children. In: Serafin D, Georgiade NG (eds.), Pediatric plastic surgery. St. Louis: Mosby; 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Koch J, Hanasono M. Aesthetic facial analysis. In: Papel I (ed.), Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery, second edition. New York: Thieme; 2002:135–144.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Zide BM. Deformities of the lips and cheeks. In: McCarthy JG (ed.), Plastic surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1990:2009–2056.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Cabrera R, Zide BM. Cheek reconstruction. In: Aston SJ, Beasley RW, Thorne CH (eds.), Grabb and Smith’s plastic surgery. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1997:501–512.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Moore KL, Agur AM. Head. Essential clinical anatomy. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1995:342–408.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Kroll S. Reconstruction for large cheek defects. Oper Tech Plast Reconstr Surg 1998;5(1):37–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Roth DA, Longaker MT, Zide BM. Cheek surface reconstruction: best choices according to zones. Oper Tech Plast Reconstr Surg 1998;5(1):26–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Quaba AA, Sommerland BC. “A square peg into a round hole”: a modified rhomboid flap and its clinical applications. Br J Plast Surg 1897;40:163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Juri J, Juri C. Advancement and rotation of a large cervicofacial flap for cheek repairs. Plast Reconstr Surg 1979;64:692.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Juri J, Juri C. Cheek reconstruction with advancement-rotation flaps. Clin Plast Surg 1981;8:223.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Crow ML, Crow FJ. Resurfacing large cheek defects with rotation flaps from the neck. Plast Reconstr Surg 1976;58:196.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Becker DW. A cervicopectoral rotation flap for cheek coverage. Plast Reconstr Surg 1978;61:868.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Shestak KC, Roth AG, Jones NF, et al. The cervicopectoral rotation flap: a valuable technique for facial reconstruction. Br J Plast Surg 1993;46:375.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Kroll SS, Reece GP, Robb G, et al. Deep-plane cervicofacial rotation advancement flap for reconstruction of large cheek defects. Plast Reconstr Surg 1994;94:88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kaplan I, Goldwyn RM. The versatility of the laterally based cervicofacial flap for cheek repairs. Plast Reconstr Surg 1978;61:390.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Stark RB, Kaplan JM. Rotation flaps, neck to cheek. Plast Reconstr Surg 1972;50:230.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Garrett WS, Giblin TR, Hoffman GW. Closure of skin defects of the face and neck by rotation and advancement of cervicopectoral flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 1966;38:342.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Bakamjian VY, Long M, Rigg B. Experience with the medially based delto-pectoral flap in reconstructive surgery of the head and neck. Br J Plast Surg 1971;24:174.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Ariyan S. The pectoralis major myocutaneous flap, a versatile flap for reconstruction in the head and neck. Plast Reconstr Surg 1979;63:73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Panje W, Cutting C. Trapezius osteomyocutaneous island flap for reconstruction of the anterior floor of mouth and mandible. Head Neck Surg 1980;3:66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kroll SS, Reece GP, Schusterman MA, et al. Comaprison of the rectus abdominus free flap to the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap for reconstruction in the head and neck. Am J Surg 1992;164:615.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Schusterman MA, Kroll SS, Weber RS, et al. Intraoral soft tissue reconstruction after cancer ablation: a comparison of the pectoralis major flap amd the free radial forearm flap. Am J Surg 1991;162:397–399.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Netolizky J. Zur Kasuistik der Hauttransplantation. Wien Med Wochenschr 1871;21:820.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Juri J, Juri C. Aesthetic aspects of reconstructive scalp surgery. Clin Plast Surg 1981;8:243.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Ortichochea M. Four-flap scalp reconstruction technique. Br J Plast Surg 1967;20:159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. McLean DH, Buncke HJ Jr. Autotransplatation of omentum to a large scalp defect with microsurgical revascularization. Plast Reconstr Surg 1972;49:268.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Reed O, Argenta LC. The surgical repair of traumatic defects of the scalp. Clin Plast Surg 1982;9:131.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Cutting CB, Mcarthy JG, Bernstein A. Blood supply of the upper craniofacial skeleton: the search for composite calvarial bone flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 1984;74:603.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Minor LB, Panje WR. Malignant neoplasms of the scalp. Etiology, resection, and reconstruction. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1993;26(2):279–293.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Hussussian CJ, Reece GP. Microsurgical reconstruction in patients with cancer. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002;109(6):1828.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Robinson EF. Total avulsion of the scalp. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1908;7:663.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Stuzin JM, Zide BM. Grabb and Smith’splastic surgery, fourth edition. Boston: Little, Brown; 1991:401.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Wackym PA, Feurman T, Stasnick B, et al. Reconstruction of massive defects of the scalp, cranium, and dura, after resection of scalp neoplasms. Head Neck 1990;12:247.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Ortichochea M. New three-flap scalp reconstruction technique. Br J Plast Surg 1971;24:184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Nordstrom RE, Devine JW. Scalp stretching with a tissue expander for closure of scalp defects. Plast Reconstr Surg 1985;75:578.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Wieslander JB. Repeated tissue expansion in reconstruction of a huge combined scalp-forehead avulsion injury. Ann Plast Surg 1988;20:381.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Pennington DG, Stern HS, Lee KK. Free-flap reconstruction of large defects of the scalp and calvarium. Plast Reconstr Surg 1989;83:655.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Earley MJ, Green MF, Milling MA. A critical appraisal of the use of free flaps in primary reconstruction of combined scalp and calvarial cancer defects. Br J Plast Surg 1990;43:283.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Furnas H, Lineaweaver WC, Alpert BS, et al. Scalp reconstruction by microvascular free tissue transfer. Ann Plast Surg 1990;24:431.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Borah GL, Hidalgo DA, Wey PD. Reconstruction of extensive scalp defects with rectus free flaps. Ann Plast Surg 1995;34:281.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Lutz BS, Wei FC, Chen HC, et al. Reconstruction of scalp defects with free flaps in 30 cases. Br J Plast Surg 1998;51:186.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Lee B, Bickel K, Levin S. Microsurgical reconstruction of extensive scalp defects. J Reconstr Microsurg 1999;15:255.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Foote RL, Olsen KD, Meland NB, et al. Tumor-ablative surgery, microvascular free tissue transfer reconstruction, and postoperative radiation therapy for advanced head and neck cancer. Mayo Clin Proc 1994;69:122.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Evans GR, Black JJ, Robb GL, et al. Adjuvant therapy: the effects on microvascular lower extremity reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg 1997;39:141.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Zimmerman RP, Mark RJ, Kim AI, et al. Radiation tolerance of transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous-free flaps used in immediate breast reconstruction. Am J Clin Oncol 1998;21:381.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. McCarthy JG, Zide BM. The spectrum of calvarial bone grafting: introduction of the vascularized calvarial bone flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 1984;71:10.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Moreira-Gonzalez A, Jackson IT, Miyawaki T, et al. Clinical outcome in cranioplasty: critical review in long-term follow-up. J Craniofac Surg 2003;14(2):144–153.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA

    Jeremy Waldman MD & Howard N. Langstein MD

Authors
  1. Jeremy Waldman MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Howard N. Langstein MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plastic Surgery, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77230, USA

    Charles E. Butler MD, FACS

  2. Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA

    Neil A. Fine MD, FACS

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Waldman, J., Langstein, H.N. (2008). Lip, Cheek, and Scalp Reconstruction. In: Butler, C.E., Fine, N.A. (eds) Principles of Cancer Reconstructive Surgery. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-49504-0_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-49504-0_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-49502-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-49504-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation