Abstract
This chapter is the first of a three-part series on interfaces. We are dividing the discussion only to make it manageable. An interface is a planar region separating two domains or materials. Hence we have the definition of a surface as the region that separates a solid or liquid from a gas or vacuum. The word “region” is used to make it clear from the beginning that the surface has a thickness; it is not the mathematical definition. Powder processing is the traditional route for forming ceramics; in powders the ratio of surface area to volume is large. With nanoparticle powders, the ratio can be huge.
We will first discuss two important questions concerning surfaces.
-
What do we mean by the word surface?
-
Why are surfaces so important for ceramics?
We will then consider, from several viewpoints, the two most important properties of surfaces.
-
The energy associated with a curved surface is greater than for a flat surface.
-
We add material to the bulk solid by attaching it to the surface.
As always, we keep in mind the following question: what is special about ceramics?
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
General References
Bailey, S.W., Frank-Kamenetskii, V.A., Goldsztaub, S., Kato, A., Pabst, A., Schulz, H., Taylor, H.F.W., Fleischer, M. and Wilson, A.J.C. (1977) Acta. Cryst. A33, 681. International Union of Crystallographers/Mineralogists report on Nomenclature (epitaxy). This report from a committee of eminent scientists defined the correct formation of adjectives for epitaxy and topotaxy. It was a lot of work and is generally ignored.
Boys, C.V. (1959) Soap Bubbles: Their Colors and the Forces which Mold Them, Dover, New York. A series of lectures for “juvenile and popular audiences.”
Henrich, V.E. and Cox, P.A. (1996) The Surface Science of Metal Oxides, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Very useful.
Herring, Conyers (1951) Some Theorems on the Free Energies of Crystal Surfaces, Phys. Rev. 82(1), 87. This is a paper you can read.
Israelachvili, Jacob (1991) Intermolecular & Surface Forces, Academic Press, London. The classic book on this topic.
Kolasinski, Kurt W. (2002) Surface Science, Wiley, Chichester. An excellent introduction to the complexities of the surfaces of materials in general.
Lagally, Max G., Ed. (1991) Kinetics of Ordering and Growth at Surfaces, Plenum, New York.
Noguera, C. (1996) Physics and Chemistry at Oxide Surfaces, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Very useful.
Perkowitz, S. (2000) Universal Foam, Walker & Co, New York. Puts foam into perspective. Should be required reading for materials science.
Porter, D.A. and Easterling, K.E. (1981) Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. Chapter 3 gives a basic introduction to surface energy.
Schwartz, A.J., Kumar, M., and Adams, B.L., Eds. (2000) Electron Backscatter Diffraction in Materials Science, Kluwer, New York.
Young, Thomas (1805) An Essay on the Cohesion of Fluids. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. The paper was read on 20 December 1804. Worth reading yourself.
Vaughan D.J. and Pattrick, R.A.D., Eds. (1995) Mineral Surfaces, Mineralogical Society Series, Chapman & Hall, London. The source for information on this topic.
Specific References
Binnig, G., Rohrer, H., Gerber, C., and Weibel, E. (1982) “Surface studies by scanning tunneling microscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 57.
Burton, W.K., Cabrera, N., and Frank, F.C. (1951) “The growth of crystals and the equilibrium structure of their surfaces,” Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A 243, 299. Classic.
Dupré, A. (1869) Théorie Mécanique de la Chaleur, Paris, p. 207.
Frank, F.C. (1949) “The influence of dislocations on crystal growth,” Disc. Farad. Soc. 5, 48. (1952) “Crystal growth and dislocations,” Adv. Phys. 1, 91. Classics and easy to read.
Goniakowski, J., Noguera, C., and Claudine, C. (1995) “Relaxation and rumpling mechanisms on oxide surfaces,” Surf. Sci. 323(1–2), 129.
Kubaschewski, O. and Alcock, C.B. (1979) Metallurgical Thermochemistry, 5th edition, Pergamon, Oxford, Table D, p. 367. Values are given for many materials in kcal/mol; the conversion factor is 1 cal = 4.184 J.
Lord, E.A. and Mackay, A.L. (2003) “Periodic minimal surfaces of cubic symmetry,” Current Sci. 85(3), 346. This paper on surfaces is an example of what you can do with Surface Evolver; not easy but fascinating.
Ragone, D.V. (1995) Thermodynamics of Materials, Volume II, Wiley, New York, p. 100.
Werner, J., Linner-Krcmar, B., Friessc, W., and Greil, P. (2002) “Mechanical properties and in vitro cell compatibility of hydroxyapatite ceramics with graded pore structure,” Biomaterials 23, 4285.
Wulff, G. (1901) “Zur Frage der Geschwindigkeit des Wachstums und der Aufläβ der Krystallflachen,” Z. Kristallogr. 34, 449. The original paper on the Wulff construction.
Young, T. (1805) “An essay on the cohesion of fluids,” Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London 95, 65.
Zampieri, A., Kullmann, S., Selvam, T., Bauer, J., Schwieger, W., Sieber, H., Fey, T., and Greil, P. (2006) “Bioinspired rattan-derived SiSiC/zeolite monoliths: Preparation and Characterisation,” Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 90, 162.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
(2007). Surfaces, Nanoparticles, and Foams. In: Ceramic Materials. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-46271-4_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-46271-4_13
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-46270-7
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-46271-4
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)