Skip to main content

Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Cancer of the Head and Neck

  • Chapter

Abstract

Squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract represents 90% of all malignant neoplasms developing in the head and neck. The main risk factors are alcohol and tobacco, and their effects are multiplicative (1). The age-standardized incidence rate of head and neck cancer (around 1990) in males exceeds 30/100,000 in regions of France, Hong Kong, the Indian subcontinent, Central and Eastern Europe, Spain, Italy, Brazil, and among US blacks. In women, high rates (>10/100,000) are found in the Indian subcontinent, Hong Kong, and the Philippines. The tongue is the most common site in the oral cavity, followed by the floor of the mouth, lip, gingival and retromolar trigone (1).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Shah JP, Johnson NW, Batsakis JG. Oral Cancer. Ed. London: Martin Dunitz, Taylor and Francis Group, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Myers JN, Greemberg JS, Mo V, et al. Extracapsular spread. A significant predictor of treatment failure in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Cancer. 2001;92:2364–2373.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Haddadin KJ, Soutar DS, Oliver RJ, et al. Improved survival for patients with clinically T1/T2, N0 tongue tumors undergoing a prophylactic neck dissection. Head Neck. 1999;21:517–525.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Ionna F, Chiesa F, Longo F, et al. Prognostic value of sentinel node in oral cancer. Tumori. 2002;88:S18–S19.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Byers RM, El-Naggar AK, Lee YY, et al. Can we detect or predict the presence of occult nodal metastases in patients with squamous carcinoma of the oral tongue? Head Neck. 1998;20:138–144.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Taylor JC, Terrell JE, Ronis DL, et al. University of Michigan Head and Neck Cancer Team. Disability in patients with head and neck cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130:764–769.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Genden EM, Ferlito A, Shaha AR, et al. Complications of neck dissection. Acta Otolaryngol. 2003;123:795–801.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Vandenbrouck C, Sancho-Garnier H, Chassagne D, et al. Elective versus therapeutic radical neck dissection in epidermoid carcinoma of the oral cavity: results of a randomized clinical trial. Cancer. 1980;46:386–390.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Nieuwenhuis EJ, Castelijns JA, Pijpers R, et al. Waitand-see policy for the N0 neck in early-stage oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma using ultrasonography-guided cytology: is there a role for identification of the sentinel node? Head Neck. 2002;24:282–289.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Yuen AP, Wei WI, Wong YM, et al. Elective neck dissection versus observation in the treatment of early oral tongue carcinoma. Head Neck. 1997;19:583–588.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Pitman KT, Johnson JT, Edington H, et al. Lymphatic mapping with isosulfan blue dye in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1998;124:790–793.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Weiss MH, Harrison LB, Isaacs RS. Use of decision analysis in planning a management strategy for the stage N0 neck. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1994;120:699–702.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Steiner W, Hommerich CP. Diagnosis and treatment of the N0 neck of carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract. Report of an international symposium, Gottingen, Germany, 1992. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1993;250:450–456.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Eschwege F, Bridier A, Luboinski B. Principles and techniques of irradiation for the N0 neck. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1993;250:439–441.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Jones AS, Phillips DE, Helliwell TR, et al. Occult node metastases in head and neck squamous carcinoma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1993;250(8):446–449.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Bataini JP. Radiotherapy in N0 head and neck cancer patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1993;250:442–445.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Yii NW, Patel SG, Rhys-Evans PH, et al. Management of the N0 neck in early cancer of the oral tongue. Clin Otolaryngol. 1999;24:75–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Brazilian Head and Neck Cancer Study Group. Results of a prospective trial on elective modified radical classical versus supraomohyoid neck dissection in the management of oral squamous carcinoma. Am J Surg. 1998;176:422–427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Kowalski LP, Medina JE. Nodal metastases: predictive factors. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 1998;31:621–637.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Jones AS, Phillips DE, Helliwell TR, et al. Occult node metastases in head and neck squamous carcinoma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1993;250:446–449.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kohno N, Ohno Y, Kihara K, et al. Feasibility of sentinel lymph node radiolocalization in neck node-negative oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2003;65:66–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Thompson JF, Uren RF, Shaw HM. Location of sentinel lymph nodes in patients with cutaneous melanoma: new insights into lymphatic anatomy. J Am Coll Surg. 1999;189:195–204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Shoaib T, Soutar DS, MacDonald DG, et al. The accuracy of head and neck carcinoma sentinel lymph node biopsy in the clinically N0 neck. Cancer. 2001;91:2077–2083.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Mozzillo N, Chiesa F, Botti G, et al. Sentinel node biopsy in head and neck cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2001;8(suppl):103S–105S.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Chiesa F, Tradati N, Calabrese L. Sentinel node biopsy, lymphatic pattern and selective neck dissection in oral cancer. Oral Dis. 2001;7:317–318.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Werner JA, Dünne AA, Myers JN. Functional anatomy of the lymphatic drainage system of the upper aerodigestive tract and its role in metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck. 2003;25:322–332.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Werner JA, Davis RK. Metastases in Head and Neck Cancer. New York: Springer; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Werner JA. Untersuchungen zum Lymphgefässsystem von Mundhöhle und Rachen. Laryngorhinootologie. 1995;74:622–628.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Werner JA, Schunke M, Lippert BM. The laryngeal lymph vessel system of the human. A morphologic and lymphography study with clinical viewpoints. HNO. 1995;43:525–531.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Most A. Über die Lymphgefässe und Lymphdrüsen des Kehlkopfes. Anat Anz. 1899;15:387–393.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Most A. Über den Lymphgefässapparat von Kehlkopf und Trachea und seine Beziehungen zur Verbreitung krankhafter Prozesse. Dtsch Z Chir. 1900;57:199–230.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Most A. Über den Lymphapparat von Nase und Rachen. Arch Anat Physiol. 1901;75–94.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Werner JA, Dünne AA, Ramaswamy A, et al. Sentinel node detection in N0 cancer of the pharynx and larynx. Br J Cancer. 2002;87:711–715.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Werner JA, Dunne AA, Ramaswamy A, et al. Number and location of radiolabeled, intraoperatively identified sentinel nodes in 48 head and neck cancer patients with clinically staged N0 and N1 neck. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2002;259:91–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Alex JC, Krag DN. The gamma-probe-guided resection of radiolabeled primary lymph nodes Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 1996;5:33–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Bilchik AJ, Giulino A, Essner R, et al. Universal application of intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy in solid neoplasms. Cancer J Sci Am. 1998;4:351–358.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Koch WM, Choti MA, Civelek AC, et al. Gamma probe directed biopsy of the sentinel node in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Autolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1998;124:455–459.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Shoaib T, Soutar DS, Prosser JE, et al. A suggested method for sentinel node biopsy in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Head Neck. 1999;21:728–753.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Ross GL, Shoaib T, Soutar DS, et al. The first international conference on sentinel node biopsy in mucosal head and neck cancer and adoption of a multicenter trial protocol. Ann Surg Oncol. 2002;9:406–410.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Stoeckli SJ, Pfaltz M, Ross G, et al. The second international conference on sentinel node biopsy in mucosal head and neck cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2005;12:919–924.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Werner BA, Dunne AA, Ramaswany A, et al. The sentinel node concept in head and neck cancer: solution for the controversies in the N0 neck. Head Neck. 2004;26:603–611.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Barzan L, Sulfaro S, Albertio F, et al. Gamma probe accuracy in detecting the sentinel lymph node in clinically NO squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2002;111:794–798.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Ross GL, Soutar DS, MacDonald G, et al. Sentinel node biopsy in head and neck cancer: preliminary results of a multi-center trial. Ann Surg Oncol. 2004;11:690–696.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Cappiello J, Piazza C, Giudice M, et al. Shoulder disability after different selective neck dissections (levels II–IV versus levels II–V): a comparative study. Laryngoscope. 2005;115:259–263.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Laverick S, Lowe D, Brown JS, et al. The impact of neck dissection on health-related quality of life. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130:149–154.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. De Cicco C, Trifirò G, Calabrese L, et al. Lymphatic mapping to tailor selective lymphadenectomy in tongue carcinoma cN0: beyond the sentinel node concept. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33:900–905.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Calabrese, L., Soutar, D., Werner, J., Bruschini, R., De Cicco, C., Chiesa, F. (2008). Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Cancer of the Head and Neck. In: Mariani, G., Giuliano, A.E., Strauss, H.W. (eds) Radioguided Surgery. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-38327-9_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-38327-9_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-33684-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-38327-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics