Skip to main content

Basic Concepts in Psychology and Law

  • Chapter
Causality of Psychological Injury

Abstract

In-depth consideration of causality is central to the determination of responsibility in tort actions. If causality and responsibility are not immediately evident, and if psychological factors play a potentially significant role in the plaintiff’s disability, the case may be set for trial. Adequately demonstrating the presence or absence of causality in depositions and in court requires that a psychologist (or other mental health professional) be retained as an expert to do a comprehensive assessment that will provide the court with sufficient information to assist with the determination of liability. That information must be valid, must be obtained using legitimate methods, and must present the information in a manner of value to the trier of fact (judge or jury). The psychologist must be well-acquainted with the requirements of the court, and the attorneys and judge must be sufficiently familiar with psychological concepts, in order for the members of the mental health and legal professions to meaningfully interact. This chapter and the three that follow will address these issues from the perspectives of both the psychologist and the court.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ackerman, M. J., & Kane, A. W. (1998). Psychological experts in personal injury actions (3rd ed.). New York: Aspen Law and Business.

    Google Scholar 

  • Advisory Committee on the Federal Rules of Evidence. (2000). Notes of Advisory Committee on Proposed Rules. Washington, DC: Judicial Conference of the United States. Retrieved July 26, 2006 from http://www.access.gpo.gov/uscode/title28a/28a_5_7_.html.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Antoine-Tubbs v. Local 513 Air Transp. Div., 50 F. Supp. 2d 601 (N.D. Tex. 1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, D. E., & Jackson, J. D. (2004). The Daubert trilogy in the states. Jurimetrics, 44. Retrieved April 6, 2004, from Social Science Research Network Electronic Paper collection, http://ssrn.com/abstract=498786.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradford, G. E. (2001). Dissecting Missouri’s requirement of “reasonable medical certainty.” Journal of the Missouri Bar, 57. (January 1, 2004); retrieved August 12, 2004, from www.mobar.org.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brickley, P. (2003). Science v. law. Scientific American, 289, 30–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. J. (ed.) (1999). Scientific evidence and experts handbook. New York: Aspen Law and Business.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. J., & Eder, E. (1999). The standards of admissibility of scientific and technical evidence. In J. J. Brown (Ed.), Scientific evidence and experts handbook (pp. 1–42). New York: Aspen Law & Business.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke v. Town of Walpole, 405 F.3d 66 (1st Cir. 2005).

    Google Scholar 

  • Call, J. A. (2003). Liability for psychological injury: Yesterday and today. In I. Z. Schultz & D. O. Brady (Eds.), Psychological injuries at trial (pp. 40–64). Chicago: American Bar Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cocchiarella, L., & Andersson, G. B. J. (2001). Guides to the evaluation of permanent impairment 5th ed. Chicago: American Medical Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper v. Smith & Nephew, 259 F.3d 194 (4th Cir. 2001).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahir, V. B., Richardson, J. F., Ginsburg, G. P., Gatowski, S. I., Dobbin, S. A., & Merlino, M. L. (2005). Judicial application of Daubert to psychological syndrome and profile evidence. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 11, 62–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 509 U.S. 579, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed. 2d 469 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 43 F.3d 1311 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  • Daubertontheweb.com, Retrieved April 16, 2006, from http://www.daubertontheweb.com/.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, L., & Gill, B. (2002). Changes in the standards for admitting expert evidence in federal civil cases since the Daubert decision. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 8, 251–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eder, E. (2007). The standards of admissibility of scientific and technical evidence. In J. J. Brown (Ed.), Scientific evidence and experts handbook (2007 cumulative supplement). New York: Aspen Law and Business. Retrieved November 9, 2006 from Loislaw.com.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faigman, D. L. (2000). The gatekeepers: Scientific expert testimony in the trial process. The Trial Lawyer, 23, 335–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faigman, D. L., & Monahan, J. (2005). Psychological evidence at the dawn of the law’s scientific age. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 631–659.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faust, D. (2003). Holistic thinking is not the whole story: Alternative or adjunct approaches for increasing the accuracy of legal evaluations. Assessment, 10, 428–441.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faust, D., & Heard, K. V. (2003). Objectifying subjective injury claims. In I. Z. Schulze & D. O. Brady (Eds.), Psychological injuries at trial (pp. 1686–1705). Chicago: American Bar Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, retrieved July 18, 2004, from www.loislaw.com.

    Google Scholar 

  • Federal Rules of Evidence (2004). Retrieved February 20, 2005, from http://judiciary. house. gov/media/pdfs/printers/108th/evid2004.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleishman, W., Jackson, J. R., & Rothschild, M. (1999). Defensive litigation strategy in scientific evidence cases. In J. J. Brown (Ed.), Scientific evidence and experts handbook (pp. 305–385). New York: Aspen Law and Business.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frueh, B. C., Elhai, J. D., & Kaloupek, D. G. (2004). Unresolved issues in the assessment of trauma exposure and posttraumatic reactions. In G. M. Rosen (Ed.), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Issues and controversies. West Sussex, England: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013, 34 ALR 145 (D. C. Cir. 1923).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gatowski, S. I., Dobbin, S. A., Richardson, J. T., Ginsburg, G. P., Merlino, M. L., & Dahir, V. (2001). Asking the gatekeepers: A national survey of judges on judging expert evidence in a post-Daubert world. Law & Human Behavior, 25, 433–458.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • General Electric Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 118 S.Ct. 512 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, S. A., Otto, R. K., & Long, A. C. (2003). The utility of psychological testing in assessing emotional damages in personal injury litigation. Assessment, 10, 411–419.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grisso, T. (2003). Evaluating Competencies (2nd ed.). New York: Kluwer/Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutheil, T. G., & Bursztajn, H. (2003). Avoiding ipse dixit mislabeling: Post-Daubert approaches to expert clinical opinions. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 31, 205–210.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gutheil, T. G., & Bursztajn, H. (2005). Attorney abuses of Daubert hearings: Junk science, junk law, or just plain obstruction? Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, 33, 150–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haney, C., & Smith, A. (2003). Science, law, and psychological injury: The Daubert standards and beyond. In I. Z. Schulze & D. O. Brady (Eds.), Psychological injuries at trial (pp. 184–201). Chicago: American Bar Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc., 114 S.Ct. 367 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Heilbrun, K. (2001). Principles of forensic mental health assessment. New York: Kluwer/Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imwinkelried, E. J. (2000). Evaluating the reliability of nonscientific expert testimony: A partial answer to the questions left unresolved by Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael. Maine Law Review, 52, 20–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M. T., Krafka, C., & Cecil, J. S. (2000). Expert testimony in federal civil trials, a preliminary analysis. Retrieved May 2, 2004, from the Federal Judicial Center, http://www.fjc.gov/newweb/jnetweb.nsf/autoframe?openform&url_r=pages/556&url_1=index.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, L. C., & Mueller, C. B. (2003). Evidence: Practice under the rules. New York: Aspen Law and Business.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koch, W. J., Douglas, K. S., Nicholls, T. L. & O’Neill, M. L. (2006). Psychological injuries: Forensic assessment, treatment, and law. Oxford: Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krafka, C., Dunn, M. A., Johnson, M. T., Cecil, J. S., & Miletich, D. (2002). Judge and attorney experiences, practices, and concerns regarding expert testimony in federal civil trials. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 8, 309–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kraus, D. A., & Sales, B. D. (2003). Forensic psychology, public policy, and the law. In I. B. Weiner (Series Ed.) & A. M. Goldstein (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of psychology: Vol. 11, Forensic psychology (pp. 543–560). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 119 S.Ct. 1167 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lees-Haley, P. and Brown, R. S. (1993). Neuropsychological complaint base rates of 170 personal injury claimants. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 8, 203–209.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macartney-Filgate, M. S., & Snow, G. W. (2004). The practitioner as expert witness. In D. R. Evans (Ed.), The law, standards, and ethics in the practice of psychology (2nd ed., pp. 287–309). Toronto: Edmond Montgomery Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLearen, A. M., Pietz, C. A., & Denney, R. L. (2004). Evaluation of psychological damages. In W. T. O’Donohue & E. R. Levensky (Eds.), Handbook of forensic psychology (pp. 267–299). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of Law (1996). Retrieved June 11, 2005, from http://dictionary.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moran, M. (2003). Trauma-response strategies still missing in action. Psychiatric News, 38, 42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moreau, C., & Zisook, S. (2002) Rationale for a posttraumatic stress spectrum disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 25, 775–790.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Academy of Sciences (2002). The age of expert testimony: Science in the courtroom, report of a workshop. Washington, DC. Retrieved February 22, 2004, from http://www.nap.edu/openbook/0309083109/html/.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Center for Health Statistics, Retrieved October 13, 2005, from www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/otheract.icd9/abticd10.htm

    Google Scholar 

  • Parry, J. W. (2000). Admissibility of expert evidence. Mental and Physical Disability Law Reporter, 24, 10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parry, J. W. (2004). Expert evidence and testimony: Daubert versus Frye. Mental and Physical Disability Law Reporter, 28, 136–140.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peters, L., Slade, T., & Andrews, G. (1999). A comparison of ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12, 335–343.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R. v. Mohan [1994] 2 S.C.R. 9, 1994 CanLII 80 (S.C.C.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Risinger, D. M., Saks, M. J., Thompson, W. C., & Rosenthal, R. (2002). The Daubert/Kumho implications of observer effects in forensic science: Hidden problems of expectation and suggestion. California Law Review, 90, 1–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saks, M. J. (2000). The aftermath of Daubert: An evolving jurisprudence of expert evidence. Jurimetrics, 40, 229–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sales, B. D., & Shuman, D. W. (2005). Experts in court: Reconciling law, science, and professional knowledge. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sella, G. (1997). Causation. Forensic Examiner, 32, 32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan v. Daily Racing Form, Inc., 104 F.3d 940 (7th Cir. 1997).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shuman, D. W. (1994a). Psychiatric and psychological evidence (2nd ed.). Deerfield, IL: Clark, Boardman, Callaghan. (Supplemented 2002, 2003, 2004).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shuman, D. W. (1994b). The psychology of compensation in tort law. Kansas Law Review, 43. Retrieved April 6, 2003, from www.lexis.com.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shuman, D. W. (2001). Expertise in law, medicine and health care. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 26, 267–290.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shuman, D. W. (2002a). Retrospective assessment of mental states and the law. In R. I. Simon & D. W. Shuman (Eds.), Retrospective assessment of mental states in litigation (pp. 21–45). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shuman, D. W. (2002b). Softened science in the courtroom: Forensic implications of a value-laden classification. In J. Z. Sadler (Ed.), Descriptions and prescriptions (pp. 217–228). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shuman, D. W., & Daley, C. E. (1996). Compensation for mental and emotional distress. In D. B. Sales & D. W. Shuman (Eds.), Law, mental health, and mental disorder. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shuman, D. W., & Sales, B. D. (1999). The impact of Daubert and its progeny on the admissibility of behavioral and social science evidence. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 5, 3–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shuman, D. W., & Sales, B. D. (2001). Daubert’s wager. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 1, 69–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slovenko, R. (2002). From Frye to Daubert and beyond. In R. Slovenko, Psychiatry in law (pp. 43–64). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • State Justice Institute. (1999). The bench: Companion to a judge’s deskbook on the basic philosophies and methods of science. Retrieved November 6, 2004, from www.unr.edu/bench/.

    Google Scholar 

  • Urbina, A. (2004). Essentials of psychological testing. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1999). Mental health: A report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wettstein, R. M. (2005). Quality and quality improvement in forensic mental health evaluations. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, 33, 158–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J. P. (2004). PTSD and complex PTSD. In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (2nd ed., pp. 7–44). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J. P., & Moran, T. A. (2004). Forensic/clinical assessment of psychological trauma and PTSD in legal settings. In J. P. Wilson, & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (2nd ed., pp. 603–636). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (1992). International classification of diseases, injuries, and causes of death, 10th edition (ICD-10). Geneva: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Youngstrom, E. A., & Busch, C. P. (2000) Expert testimony in psychology: Ramifications of Supreme Court decision in Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael. Ethics & Behavior, 10, 185–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kane, A.W. (2007). Basic Concepts in Psychology and Law. In: Causality of Psychological Injury. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-36445-2_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics