Skip to main content
  • 800 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Akbari, O., DeKruyff, R. H., Umetsu, D. T. (2001) Pulmonary dendritic cells producing IL-10 mediate tolerance induced by respiratory exposure to antigen. Nat. Immunol. 2:725–731.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akbari, O., Freeman, G. J., Meyer, E. H., et al. (2002) Antigen-specific regulatory T cells develop via the ICOS-ICOS-ligand pathway and inhibit allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity. Nat. Med. 8:1024–1032.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anandasabapathy, N., Ford, G. S., Bloom, D., et al. (2003) GRAIL: an E3 ubiquitin ligase that inhibits cytokine gene transcription is expressed in anergic CD4+ T cells. Immunity 18:535–547.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, A. C., Nicholson, L. B., Legge, K. L., et al. (2000) High frequency of autoreactive myelin proteolipid protein-specific T cells in the periphery of naive mice: mechanisms of selection of the self-reactive repertoire. J. Exp. Med. 191:761–770.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, M. S., Venanzi, E. S., Klein, L., et al. (2002) Projection of an immunological self shadow within the thymus by the aire protein. Science 298:1395–1401.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, M. S., Venanzi, E. S., Chen, Z., et al. (2005) The cellular mechanism of Aire control of T cell tolerance. Immunity 23:227–239.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angers, A., Ramjaun, A. R., McPherson, P. S. (2004) The HECT domain ligase itch ubiquitinates endophilin and localizes to the trans-Golgi network and endosomal system. J. Biol. Chem. 279:11471–11479.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Annacker, O., Pimenta-Araujo, R., Burlen-Defranoux, O., et al. (2001) CD25+CD4+ T cells regulate the expansion of peripheral CD4 T cells through the production of IL-10. J. Immunol. 166:3008–3018.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ansari, M. J., Salama, A. D., Chitnis, T., et al. (2003) The programmed death-1 (PD-1) pathway regulates autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. J. Exp. Med. 198:63–69.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avichezer, D., Grajewski, R. S., Chan, C., et al. (2003). An Immunologically privileged retinal antigen elicits tolerance: major role for central selection mechanisms. J. Exp. Med. 198:1665–1676.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bachmaier, K., Krawczyk, C., Kozieradzki, I., et al. (2000) Negative regulation of lymphocyte activation and autoimmunity by the molecular adaptor Cbl-b. Nature 403:211–216.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baecher-Allan, C., Brown, J. A., Freeman, G. J., Hafler, D. A. (2001) CD4+CD25+ regulatory cells in human peripheral blood. J. Immunol. 167:1245–1253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bettelli, E., Dastrange, M., Oukka, M. (2005) FoxP3 interacts with nuclear factor of activated T cells and NF-kB to repress cytokine gene expression and effector functions of T helper cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:5138–5143.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blair, P. J., Bultman, S. J., Haas, J. C., et al. (1994) CD4+CD8- T cells are the effector cells in disease pathogenesis in the scurfy (sf) mouse. J. Immunol. 153:3764–3774.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boussiotis, V. A., Freeman, G. J., Berezovskaya, A., et al. (1997) Maintenance of human T cell anergy: blocking of IL-2 gene transcription by activated Rap1. Science 278:124–128.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bretscher, P., Cohn, M. (1970) A theory of self-nonself discrimination. Science 169:1042–1049.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brunkow, M. E., Jeffery, E. W., Hjerrild, K. A., et al. (2001) Disruption of a new forkead/winged-helix protein, scurfin, results in the fatal lymphoproliferative disorder of the scurfy mouse. Nat. Genet. 27:68–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brunner, M. C., Chambers, C. A., Chan, F. K., et al. (1999) CTLA-4-mediated inhibition of early events of T cell proliferation. J. Immunol. 162:5813–5820.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chai, J. G., Tsang, J. Y., Lechler, R., et al. (2002) CD4+CD25+ T cells as immunoregulatory T cells in vitro. Eur. J. Immunol. 32:2365–2375.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Y., Kuchroo, V. K., Inobe, J., et al. (1994) Regulatory T cell clones induced by oral tolerance: suppression of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Science 265:1237–1240.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiang, Y. J., Kole, H. K., Brown, K., et al. (2000) Cbl-b regulates the CD28 dependence of T-cell activation. Nature 403:216–220.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colucci, F., Bergman, M. L., Penha-Goncalves, C., et al. (1997) Apoptosis resistance of nonobese diabetic peripheral lymphocytes linked to the Idd5 diabetes susceptibility region. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:8670–8674.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Smedt, T., Pajak, B., Muraille, E., et al. (1996) Regulation of dendritic cell numbers and maturation by lipopolysaccharide in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 184:1413–1424.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Derbinski, J., Schulte, A., Kyewski, B., Klein, L. (2001) Promiscuous gene expression in medullary thymic epithelial cells mirrors the peripheral self. Nat. Immunol. 2:1032–1039.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Derbinski, J., Gabler, J., Brors, B., et al. (2005) Promiscuous gene expression in thymic epithelial cells is regulated at multiple levels. J. Exp. Med. 202:33–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Egwuagu, C. E., Charukamnoetkanok, P., Gery, I. (1997) Thymic expression of autoantigens correlates with resistance to autoimmune disease. J. Immunol. 159:3109–3112.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fang, D., Liu, Y. C. (2001) Proteolysis-independent regulation of PI3K by Cbl-b-mediated ubiquitination in T cells. Nat. Immunol. 2:870–875.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fang, D., Elly, C., Gao, B., et al. (2002) Dysregulation of T lymphocyte function in itchy mice: a role for Itch in Th2 differentiation. Nat. Immunol. 3:281–287.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fontenot, J. D., Gavin, M. A., Rudensky, A. Y. (2003) Foxp3 programs the development and function of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Nat. Immunol. 4:330–336.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fontenot, J. D., Rasmussen, J. P., Williams, L. M., et al. (2005) Regulatory T cell lineage specification by the forkhead transcription factor FoxP3. Immunity 22:329–341.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, R. B., Kalvakolanu, I. (1995) Thymic expression of the golli-myelin basic protein gene in the SJL/J mouse. J. Neuroimmunol. 57:93–99.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, R. B., Zhao, M.-L. (1996) Thymic expression of myelin basic protein (MBP). J. Immunol. 157:5429–5253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Godfrey, V. L., Wilkinson, J. E., Russell, L. B. (1991) X-linked lymphoreticular disease in the scurfy (sf) mutant mouse. Am. J. Pathol. 138:1379–1387.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Godfrey, V. L., Rouse, B. T., Wilkinson, J. E. (1994) Transplantation of T cell-mediated, lymphoreticular disease from the scurfy (sf) mouse. Am. J. Pathol. 145:281–286.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald, R. J., Boussiotis, V. A., Lorsbach, R. B., et al. (2001) CTLA-4 regulates induction of anergy in vivo. Immunity 14:145–155.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grohmann, U., Orabona, C., Fallarino, F., et al. (2002) CTLA-4-Ig regulates tryptophan catabolism in vivo. Nat. Immunol. 3:1097–1101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groux, H., O’Garra, A., Bigler, M., et al. (1997) A CD4+ T-cell subset inhibits antigen-specific T-cell responses and prevents colitis. Nature 389:737–742.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guerder, S., Meyerhoff, J., Flavell, R. (1994) The role of the T cell costimulator B7–1 in autoimmunity and the induction and maintenance of tolerance to peripheral antigen. Immunity 1:155–166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haglund, K., Sigismund, S., Polo, S., et al. (2003) Multiple monoubiquitination of RTKs is sufficient for their endocytosis and degradation. Nat. Cell. Biol. 5:461–466.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, C. J., Paez, A., Hunkapiller, T., et al. (1998) Differential tolerance is induced in T cells recognizing distinct epitopes of myelin basic protein. Immunity 8:571–580.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heissmeyer, V., Macian, F., Im, S. H., et al. (2004) Calcineurin imposes T cell unresponsiveness through targeted proteolysis of signaling proteins. Nat. Immunol. 5:255–265.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herman, A. E., Freeman, G. J., Mathis, D., Benoist, C. (2004) CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells dependent on ICOS promote regulation of effector cells in the prediabetic lesion. J. Exp. Med. 199:1479–1489.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, N. J., Lyons, P. A., Todd, J. A., et al. (2000) Nod Idd5 locus controls insulitis and diabetes and overlaps the orthologous CTLA4/IDDMI2 and NRAMP1 loci in humans. Diabetes 49:1744–1747.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hori, S., Nomura, T., Sakaguchi, S. (2003) Control of regulatory T cell development by the transcription factor Foxp3. Science 299:1057–1061.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huseby, E. S., Sather, B., Huseby, P. G., Goverman, J. (2001) Age-dependent T cell tolerance and autoimmunity to myelin basic protein. Immunity 14:471–481.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, M. K., Schwartz, R. H. (1987) Antigen presentation by chemically modified splenocytes induces antigen-specific T cell unresponsiveness in vitro and in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 165:302–319.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, M. K., Pardoll, D. M., Mizuguchi, J., et al. (1987) Molecular events in the induction of a nonresponsive state in interleukin 2-producing helper T-lymphocyte clones. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:5409–5413.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnnidis, J. B., Venanzi, E. S., Taxman, D. J., et al. (2005) Chromsomal clustering of genes controlled by the aire transcription factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:7233–7238.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, M. S., Boesteanu, A., Reed, A. J., et al. (2001) Thymic selection of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells induced by an agonist self-peptide. Nat. Immunol. 2:301–306.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanangat, S., Blair, P., Reddy, R., et al. (1996) Disease in the scurfy (sf) mouse is associated with overexpression of cytokine genes. Eur. J. Immunol. 26:161–165.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khattri, R., Cox, T., Yasako, S. A., Ramsdell, F. (2003) An essential role for Scurfin in CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells. Nat. Immunol. 4:337–342.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, L., Klugmann, L., Nave, K. A., et al. (2000) Shaping of the autoreactive T-cell repertoire by a splice variant of self protein expressed in thymic epithelial cells. Nat. Med. 6:56–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kulkarni, A. B., Huh, C. G., Becker, D., et al. (1993) Transforming growth factor beta 1 null mutation in mice causes excessive inflammatory response and early death. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:770–774.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuroda, N., Mitani, T., Takeda, N., et al. (2005) Development of autoimmunity against transcriptionally unrepressed target antigen in the thymus of aire-deficient mice. J. Immunol. 174:1862–1870.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kyewski, B., Derbinski, J., Gotter, J., Klein, L. (2002) Promiscuous gene expression and central T-cell tolerance: more than meets the eye. Trends Immunol. 23:364–371.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamhamedi-Cherradi, S. E., Boulard, O., Gonzalez, C., et al. (2001) Further mapping of the Idd5.1 locus for autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Diabetes 50:2874–2878.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Latchman, Y. E., Liang, S. C., Wu, Y., et al. (2004) PD-L1-deficient mice show that PD-L1 on T cells, antigen presenting cells, and host tissues negatively regulates T cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:10691–10696.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liston, A., Lesage, S., Wilson, J., et al. (2003) Aire regulates negative selection of organ-specific T cells. Nat. Immunol. 4:350–354.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyon, M. F., Peters, J., Glenister, P. H., et al. (1990) The scurfy mouse mutant has previously unrecognized hematological abnormalities and resembles Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:2433–2437.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macian, F., Garcia-Cozar, F., Im, S. H., et al. (2002) Transcriptional mechanisms underlying lymphocyte tolerance. Cell 109:719–731.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malek, T. R., Bayer, A. L. (2004) Tolerance, not immunity crucially depends on IL-2. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 4:665–674.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marie, J. C., Letterio, J. J., Gavin, M., Rudensky, A. Y. (2005) TGF-beta 1 maintains suppressor function and FoxP3 expression in CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. J. Exp. Med. 201:1061–1067.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathisen, P. M., Pease, S., Garvey, J., et al. (1993) Identification of an embryonic isoform of myelin basic protein that is expressed widely in the mouse embryo. Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 90:10125–10129.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyamoto, K., Kingsley, C. I., Zhang, X., et al. (2005) The ICOS molecule plays a crucial role in the development of mucosal tolerance. J. Immunol. 175:7341–7347.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, M. A., Schnall, R. G., Venter, D. J., et al. (1998) Tissue hyperplasia and enhanced T-cell signaling via Zap-70 in c-Cbl-deficient mice. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:4872–4882.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, K., Kitani, A., Strober, W. (2001) Cell contact-dependent immunosuppression by CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells is mediated by cell surface-bound transforming growth factor beta. J. Exp. Med. 194:629–644.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, K., Kitani, A., Fuss, I., et al. (2004) TGF-beta 1 plays an important role in the mechanism of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell activity in both humans and mice. J. Immunol. 172:834–842.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naramura, M., Kole, H. K., Hu, R. J., Gu, H. (1998) Altered thymic positive selection and intracellular signals in Cbl-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:15547–15552.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen, L. T., Radhakrishnan, S., Ciric, B., et al. (2002) Cross-linking the B7 family molecule B7-DC directly activates immune functions of dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 196:1393–1398.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paust, S., Lu, L., McCarty, N., Cantor, H. (2004) Engagement of B7 on effector T cells by regulatory T cells prevents autoimmune disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:10398–10403.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peng, Y., Laouar, Y., Li, M. O., et al. (2004) TGF-beta regulates in vivo expansion of FoxP3-expressing CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells responsible for protection against diabetes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:4572–4577.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perez, V. L., Van Parijs, L., Biuckians, A., et al. (1997) Induction of peripheral T cell tolerance in vivo requires CTLA-4 engagement. Immunity 6:411–417.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pribyl, T. M., Campagnoni, C. W., Kampf, K., et al. (1993) The human myelin basic protein gene is included within a 179-kilobase transcription unit: expression in the immune and central nervous systems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:10695–10699.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pribyl, T. M., Campagnoni, C. W., Kampf, K., et al. (1996) Expression of the myelin proteolipid protein gene in the human fetal thymus. J. Neuroimmunol. 67:125–130.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu, L., Joazeiro, C., Fang, N., et al. (2000) Recognition and ubiquitination of Notch by Itch, a hect-type E3 ubiquitin ligase. J. Biol. Chem. 275:35734–35737.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Read, S., Malmstrom, V., Powrie, F. (2000) Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 plays an essential role in the function of CD25(+) CD4(+) regulatory cells that control intestinal inflammation. J. Exp. Med. 192:295–302.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reddy, J., Illes, Z., Zhang, X., et al. (2004) Myelin proteolipid protein-specific CD4+CD25+ regulatory cells mediate genetic resistance of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:15434–15439.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakaguchi, S. (2004) Naturally arising CD4+ regulatory T cells for immunologic self-tolerance and negative control of immune responses. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 22:531–562.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salama, A. D., Chitnis, T., Imitola, J., et al. (2003) Critical role of the programmed death-1 (PD-1) pathway in regulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Exp. Med. 198:71–78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salomon, B., Lenschow, D. J., Rhee, L., et al. (2000) B7/CD28 costimulation is essential for the homeostasis of the CD4+CD25+ immunoregulatory T cells that control autoimmune diabetes. Immunity 12:431–440.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seder, R. A., Marth, T., Sieve, M. C., et al. (1998) Factors involved in the differentiation of TGF-beta-producing cells from naive CD4+ T cells: IL-4 and IFN-gamma have opposing effects, while TGF-beta positively regulates its own production. J. Immunol. 160:5719–5728.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shull, M. M., Ormsby, I., Kier, A. B., et al. (1992) Targeted disruption of the mouse transforming growth factor-gene results in multifocal inflammatory disease. Nature 359:693–699.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soares, L., Seroogy, C., Skrenta, H., et al. (2004) Two isoforms of otubain 1 regulate T cell anergy via GRAIL. Nat. Immunol. 5:45–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staub, O., Gautschi, I., Ishikawa, T., et al. (1997) Regulation of stability and function of the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) by ubiquitination. EMBO J. 16:6325–6336.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, T., Tagami, T., Yamazaki, S., et al. (2000) Immunologic self-tolerance maintained by CD25(+) CD4(+) regulatory T cells constitutively expressing cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4. J. Exp. Med. 192:303–310.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, Q., Henriksen, K. J., Boden, E. K., et al. (2003) Cutting edge: CD28 controls peripheral homeostasis of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. J. Immunol. 171:3348–3352.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Targoni, O. S., Lehman, P. V. (1998) Endogenous myelin basic protein inactivates the high avidity T cell repertoire. J. Exp. Med. 187:2055–2063.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thorstenson, K. M., Khoruts, A. (2001) Generation of anergic and potentially immunoregulatory CD25+CD4 T cells in vivo after induction of peripheral tolerance with intravenous or oral antigen. J. Immunol. 167:188–195.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tivol, E. A., Borriello, F., Schweitzer, A. N., et al. (1995) CTLA-4 deficient mice exhibit massive lymphoproliferation and multi-organ lymphatic infiltration: a critical negative immunoregulatory role of CTLA-4. Immunity 3:541–547.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uchida, D., Hatakeyama, S., Matsushima, A., et al. (2004) Aire functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. J. Exp. Med. 199:167–172.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ueda, H., Howson, J. M., Esposito, L., et al. (2003) Association of the T-cell regulatory gene CTLA4 with susceptibility to autoimmune disease. Nature 423:506–511.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vijayakrishnan, L., Slavik, J. M., Illes, Z., et al. (2004) An autoimmune disease-associated CTLA-4 splice variant lacking the B7 binding domain signals negatively in T cells. Immunity 20:563–575.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walunas, T. L., Bakker, C. Y., Bluestone, J. A. (1996) CTLA-4 ligation blocks CD28-dependent T cell activation. J. Exp. Med. 183:2541–2550.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waterhouse, P. W., Penninger, J. M., Timms, E., et al. (1995) Lymphoproliferative disorders with early lethality in mice deficient in CTLA-4. Science 270:985–988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, H. L. (2001) Induction and mechanism of action of transforming growth factor-b-secreting Th3 regulatory cells. Immunol. Rev. 182:207–214.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witsch, E. J., Peiser, M., Hutloff, A., et al. (2002) ICOS and CD28 reversely regulate IL-10 on reactivation of human effector T cells with mature dendritic cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 32:2680–2686.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamazaki, T., Akiba, H., Iwai, H., et al. (2002) Expression of programmed death 1 ligands by murine T cells and APC. J. Immunol. 169:5538–5545.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshizawa, I., Bronson, R., Dorf, M. E., Abromson-Leeman, S. (1998) T-cell responses to myelin basic protein in normal and MBP-deficient mice. J. Neuroimmunol. 84:131–138.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zelenika, D., Grima, B., Pessac, B. (1993) A new family of transcripts of the myelin basic protein gene: expression in brain and in immune system. J. Neurochem. 60:1574–1577.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J., Bardos, T., Li, D., et al. (2002) Cutting edge: regulation of T cell activation threshold by CD28 costimulation through targeting Cbl-b for ubiquitination. J. Immunol. 169:2236–2240.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X., Izikson, L., Liu, L., Weiner, H. L. (2001) Activation of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells by oral antigen administration. J. Immunol. 167:4245–4253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuklys, S., Balciunaite, G., Agarwal, A., et al. (2000) Normal thymic architecture and negative selection are associated with AIRE expression, the gene defective in the autoimmune-polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED). J. Immunol. 165:1976–1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Anderson, A.C., Kuchroo, V.K. (2007). Autoimmune Response and Immune Tolerance. In: Zhang, J. (eds) Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy in Autoimmune Disease. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-36003-4_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics