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Carbon Anode Materials

  • Chapter
Lithium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

Accompanying the impressive progress of human society, energy storage technologies become evermore urgent. Among the broad categories of energy sources, batteries or cells are the devices that successfully convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Lithium-based batteries stand out in the big family of batteries mainly because of their high-energy density, which comes from the fact that lithium is the most electropositive as well as the lightest metal. However, lithium dendrite growth after repeated charge-discharge cycles easily will lead to short-circuit of the cells and an explosion hazard. Substituting lithium metal for alloys with aluminum, silicon, zinc, and so forth could solve the dendrite growth problem.1 Nevertheless, the lithium storage capacity of alloys drops down quickly after merely several charge-discharge cycles because the big volume change causes great stress in alloy crystal lattice, and thus gives rise to cracking and crumbling of the alloy particles. Alternatively, Sony Corporation succeeded in discovering the highly reversible, low-voltage anode, carbonaceous material and commercialized the C/LiCoO2 rocking chair cells in the early 1990s.2 Figure 3.1 schematically shows the charge-discharge process for reversible lithium storage in carbon. By the application of a lithiated carbon in place of a lithium metal electrode, any lithium metal plating process and the conditions for the growth of irregular dendritic lithium could be considerably eliminated, which shows promise for reducing the chances of shorting and overheating of the batteries. This kind of lithium-ion battery, which possessed a working voltage as high as 3.6 V and gravimetric energy densities between 120 and 150 Wh/kg, rapidly found applications in high-performance portable electronic devices. Thus the research on reversible lithium storage in carbonaceous materials became very popular in the battery community worldwide.

Model for lithium-ion batteries

In fact, the ability of layer-structured carbon to insert various species was well known by the latter half of the 1800s. The ability of graphite to intercalate anions promoted exploration into the use of a graphite cathode for rechargeable batteries.3 Juza and Wehle described carbon lithiation studies in the middle of last century.4 Guerard and Herold completed pioneering research of lithium intercalation into graphite and other less-ordered carbons such as cokes by a vapor transport method in 1975.5 In 1976, Besenhard et al.6,7 tried intercalating Li+ into graphite electrochemically in the electrolytes of lithium salts dissolved in solvents of DME and DMSO, but obtained Li+-solvent-graphite ternary intercalation compounds because of the strong affinities between Li+ and the solvent molecules. In 1980, Basu utilized lithium-graphite intercalation compounds (GIC) in lithium-based secondary batteries for the first time when he used LiCl-KCl melting salts as the electrolytes for high-temperature-type batteries.8 As for the ambient temperature-type batteries, Ikeda and Basu applied patents on Li-GIC as anode materials in 1981 and 1982, respectively.9,10 In 1983, Yazami and Ph. Touzain succeeded in synthesizing Li-GIC electrochemically using a solid organic electrolyte.11 The ease with which lithium can be intercalated and deintercalated from carbon has led to numerous studies on lithiated carbon anodes for battery application.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan

    Zempachi Ogumi & Hongyu Wang

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  1. Zempachi Ogumi
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  1. Advanced Research Center, Saga University, 1341 Yoga-machi, 840-0047, Japan

    Masaki Yoshio

  2. Broddarp of Nevada, Inc., 2161 Fountain Springs Dr., Henderson, NV, 89074, USA

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  3. ITE Aichi Office, 2-15-19 Kamejima, Nakamura-ku, Nagoya, 453-0013, Japan

    Akiya Kozawa

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Ogumi, Z., Wang, H. (2009). Carbon Anode Materials. In: Yoshio, M., Brodd, R.J., Kozawa, A. (eds) Lithium-Ion Batteries. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-34445-4_3

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