Abstract
Naval applications are the main motivation for the development of large, innovative sonar systems. Therefore, the development of large acoustic arrays is closely related to new ship construction, and especially to new submarines since they depend so strongly on acoustics [1, 2]. The main function of active sonar on submarines is searching for surface ships and other submarines, but avoidance of mines and sea mounts, and underwater communications, are also very important functions. Active search requires large projector arrays operating in the 2–10 kHz region for medium range performance, while obstacle avoidance uses smaller, higher-frequency arrays. All submarine applications require transducers capable of withstanding hundreds of pounds per square inch of hydrostatic pressure without significant change in performance.
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Sherman, C.H., Butler, J.L. (2007). Projector Arrays. In: Transducers and Arrays for Underwater Sound. Monograph Series in Underwater Acoustics. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-33139-3_5
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