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Roughness is a fundamental hearing sensation for fast amplitude modulations. Fast means in this sense that modulation is not any longer perceived as loudness fluctuation but instead as a new quality of the sound: the sound becomes rough. The transition between the sensation of loudness fluctuation and roughness occurs at about 12 Hz for sinusoidal amplitudemodulated sounds.

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Daniel, P. (2008). Psychoacoustical Roughness. In: Havelock, D., Kuwano, S., Vorländer, M. (eds) Handbook of Signal Processing in Acoustics. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30441-0_19

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