Loudness is a hearing sensation which is almost ubiquitousin everyday life: traffic is too loud, announcements are too soft, children are very loud and a stereo can be adjusted to a comfortable loudness. Thus, it is not surprising that scientists started very early to carry out psychoacoustic experiments to investigate loudness. In 1933, Fletcher and Munson [1] measured “equal-loudness contours”. These curves are obtained if a reference sound (e.g. a 1,000-Hz sinusoid) is fixed in level and the test sound is adjusted to give a loudness match.
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Chalupper, J. (2008). Calculation of Loudness for Normal and Hearing-Impaired Listeners. In: Havelock, D., Kuwano, S., Vorländer, M. (eds) Handbook of Signal Processing in Acoustics. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30441-0_18
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