Abstract
That large changes in a scene are not noticed if they occur at the same time as a global visual disturbance caused by saccades, flicker, “mudsplashes”, or film cuts, is generally explained in terms of a theory in which it is assumed that the observer’s internal representation of the outside world is very sparse, containing only what the observer is currently processing. This chapter presents some clarifications of the theory, and some new implications and predictions that arise from it.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Averbach, E. and Coriell, A. S. (1961). Short-term memory in vision. Bell Sys. Tech. J., 40: 309–328.
Ballard, D. H., Hayhoe, M. M., and Whitehead, S. D. (1992). Hand-eye coordination during sequential tasks. Phil. Tran. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 337: 331–339.
Baylis, G. C. and Driver, J. (1993). Visual attention and objects: evidence for hierarchical coding of location. J. Exp. Psych. Human Percept. Perf., 19: 45 1470.
Blackmore, S. J., Brelstaff, G., Nelson, K., and Troscianko, T. (1995). Is the richness of our visual world an illusion? Transsaccadic memory for complex scenes. Percept., 24: 1075–1081.
Breitmeyer, B. G. and Ganz, L. (1976). Implications of sustained and transient channels for theories of visual pattern masking, saccadic suppression, and information processing. Psych. Rev., 83: 1–36.
Chafe, W. (1970). Meaning and the Structure of Language. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Currie, C., McConkie, G. W., Carlson-Radvansky, L. A., and Irwin, D. E. (1995) Maintaining visual stability across saccades: role of the saccade target object. Technical Report No. UIUC-BI-HPPP-95–01. Champaign: Beckman Institute, University of Illinois.
Driver, J., and Baylis, G. C. (1989). Movement and visual attention: the spotlight metaphor breaks down. J. Exp. Psych. Hum. Percept. Pei f., 15:448–456, 15:840 (1989) (erratum).
Duncan, J. (1984). Selective attention and the organization of visual information. J. Exp. Psych. Gen., 113: 501–517.
Duncan, J., and Nimmo-Smith, I. (1996). Objects and attributes in divided attention: surface and boundary systems. Percept. Psychophys., 58: 1076–1084.
Gegenfurtner, K. R., and Sperling, G. (1993). Information transfer in iconic memory experiments. J. Exp. Psych. Hum. Percept. Pelf, 19: 845–866.
Gordon, R. D., and Irwin, D. E. (1996). What’s in an object file? Evidence from priming studies. Percept. Psychophys., 58: 1260–1277.
Grimes, J. (1996). On the failure to detect changes in scenes across saccades, in
K. Akins (Ed.) Perception Vancouver Studies in Cognitive Science Vol 2, pp. 89–110, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Haviland, S. E., and Clark, H. H. (1974). What’s new? Acquiring new information as a process in comprehension. J. Verbal Learn. Verbal Behan, 13: 512–21.
Hayhoe, M. M., Bensinger, D. G., and Ballard, D. H. (1998). Task constraints in visual working memory. Vis. Res., 38: 125–137.
Intraub, H. (1997). The representation of visual scenes. Trends Cog. Sci., 1: 217221.
Jeannerod, M. (1997). The Cognitive Neuroscience ofAction. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, Inc.
Kahneman, D., Treisman, A., and Gibbs, B. J. (1992). The reviewing of object files: object-specific integration of information. Cog. Psych., 24: 175–219.
Klein, R., Kingstone, A. and Pontefract, A. (1992). In K. Rayner (ed.) Eye Movements and Visual Cognition: Scene Perception and Reading, pp. 46–65, New
York, NY: Springer.
Levin, D. T., and Simons, D. J. (1997). Failure to detect changes to attended objects in motion pictures. Psych. Bull. Rev., 4: 501–506.
Mack, A., and Rock, I. (1998). Inattentional Blindness. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
McConkie, G. W., and Currie, C. B. (1996). Visual stability across saccades while viewing complex pictures. J. Exp. Psych. Hum. Percept. Perform., 22: 563581
Milner, A. D., and Goodale, M. A. (1995). The Visual Brain in Action. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Noë, A., Pessoa, L, and Thompson, E. (2000). Beyond the grand illusion hypothesis: What change blindness really teaches us about vision. Vis. Cog., 7: 93–106.
O’Regan, J. K. (1992). Solving the “real” mysteries of visual perception: The world as an outside memory. Canadian J. Psych, 46: 461–488.
O’Regan, J. K. (1998). Detecting scene changes: an overview and a framework for recent findings. Percept., 27 (suppl.): 36.
O’Regan, J. K., Deubel, H., Clark, J. J., and Rensink, R. A. (1997). Picture changes during blinks: Not seeing where you look and seeing where you don’t look. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 38: S707.
O’ Regan, J. K., Deubel, H., Clark, J. J., and Rensink, R. A. (2000). Picture changes during blinks: looking without seeing and seeing without looking. Vis. Cog., 192–212.
O’Regan, J. K., Rensink, R. A., and Clark, J. J. (1996). Mudsplashes render picture changes invisible. Invest.Ophthal. Vis. Sci. 37: S213.
O’Regan, J. K., Rensink, R. A. and Clark, J. J. (1999). Change blindness as a results of “mudsplashes”. Nature, 398: 34.
Pashler, H. (1984). Evidence against late selection: Stimulus quality effects in previewed displays. J. Exp. Psych. Hum. Percept. Perf, 10: 429–448.
Pashler, H. (1988). Familiarity and visual change detection. Percept. Psychophys., 44: 369–378.
Pashler, H. (1995). Attention and visual perception: Analyzing divided attention. In S. M. Kosslyn and D. N. Osherson (Eds.), Visual cognition: An Invitation to Cognitive Science, Vol. 2 ( 2nd ed. ), pp. 71–100. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Pashler, H. (1998). The Psychology of Attention. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Phillips, W. A. (1974). On the distinction between sensory storage and short-term visual memory. Percept. Psychophys., 16: 283–290.
Pylyshyn, Z. W. and Storm, R. W. (1988). Tracking multiple independent targets: Evidence for a parallel tracking mechanism. Spat. Vis., 3: 179–197.
Rensink, R., O’Regan, J. K., and Clark, J. J. (1995) Image flicker is as good as saccades in making large scene changes invisible. Perception, 24 (suppl.): 26–27.
Rensink, R. A., O’Regan, J. K., and Clark, J. J. (1997). To see or not to see: The need for attention to perceive changes in scenes. Psych. Sci., 8: 368–373.
Rensink, R. A., O’Regan, J. K., and Clark, J. J. (2000). On the failure to detect changes in scenes across brief interruptions. Vis. Cog., 7: 127–145.
Simons, D. J. (1996). In sight, out of mind: when object representations fail.
Psych. Sci., 7:301–305.
Simons, D. J. (2000). Current approaches to change blindness. Vis. Cog., 7: 1–16.
Simons, D. J. and Wang, R. F. (1998). Perceiving real-world viewpoint changes. Psych. Sci., 9: 315–320.
Simons, D. J. and Levin, D. T. (1997). Change Blindness. Trends Cog. Sci., 1:261267.
Sperling, G. (1960). The information available in brief visual presentations. Psych. Mono., 74 (11, Whole No. 498).
Tolhurst, D. J. (1975). Sustained and transient channels in human vision. Vis. Res., 15: 1151–1155.
Wolfe, J. M. (1997a). Visual experience: Less than you think, more than you know. In C. addei-Ferretti (Ed.), Neuronal Basis and Psychological Aspects of Consciousness. Singapore: World Scientific Press.
Wolfe, J. M. (1997b). Inattentional amnesia, In V. Coltheart (Ed.) Fleeting Memories. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Wolfe, J. M., Klempen, N., and Dahlen K. (2000) Post-attentive vision. J. Exp. Psych. Hum. Percept. and Perform., 26: 693–716.
Wolfe, J. M., Cave, K. R., and Franzel, S. L. (1989). Guided search: An alternative to the feature integration model for visual search. J. Exp. Psych. Hum. Percept. and Perform., 15: 419–433.
Yantis, S. (1993). Stimulus-driven attentional capture and attentional control settings. J. Exp. Psych. Human Percept. Perform., 19: 676–681.
Yantis, S. and Jonides, J. (1990). Abrupt visual onsets and selective attention: Voluntary versus automatic allocation. J. Exp. Psych. Human Percept. Perform., 16: 121–134.
Zelinsky, G. J. (1997). Eye movements during a change detection search task. Inv. Ophthal. Vis. Sci. 38: S373.
Zelinsky, G. J. (1998) Detecting changes between scenes: a similarity-based theory using iconic representations. Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Technical Report No. CNS-98–01.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 K. O’Regan
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
O’Regan, J.K. (2001). Thoughts on Change Blindness. In: Jenkin, M., Harris, L. (eds) Vision and Attention. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21591-4_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21591-4_14
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-9520-1
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-21591-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive