Abstract
Spontaneous emission is the inevitable consequence of gain in an optical amplifier. In this chapter, the definition of noise figure is shown to be useful only in characterizing shot noise and signal-spontaneous beat noise. The noise characteristics of both discrete and distributed Raman amplifiers are then presented. The choice of discrete amplifiers alone, or together with distributed optical amplifiers results as a trade-off between maximizing optical signal-to-noise ratio at the expense of increases in nonlinear distortion of the signal due to high signal intensities. Hansen et al. [1] showed that distributed amplification could be used to obtain a significant improvement in system margin that could be used to upgrade the transmission capacity, either in terms of more channels, or a faster line rate.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
P.B. Hansen, L. Eskildsen, S.G. Grubb, A.J. Stentz, T.A. Strasser, J. Judkins, J.J. DeMarco, R. Pedrazzani, and D.J. DiGiovanni, Capacity upgrades of transmission systems by Raman amplification, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 9:2 (Feb.), 262–264, 1997.
H.T. Friis, Noise figure of radio receivers, Proc IRE, 32:419–422, 1944.
E. Desurvire, Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers, NewYork: Wiley, 98, 1994.
H.A. Haus, The noise figure of optical amplifiers, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 10:11 (Nov.), 1998.
E. Desurvire, Comments on “The noise figure of optical amplifiers”, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 11:5, (May), 620 and 621, 1999.
C. Chen and W.S. Wong, Transient effects in Raman optical amplifiers, OAA2001, Paper OMC2, 2000.
R.G. Smith, Optical power handling capacity of low loss optical fiber as determined by stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering, Appl. Optics, 11:11 (Nov.), 2489–2494, 1972.
J. Auyeung and A. Yariv, Spontaneous and stimulated Raman scattering in long low loss fibers, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-14:5, (May), 347–352, 1978.
S. Tariq and J.C. Palais, A computer model of non-dispersion-limited stimulated Raman scattering in optical fiber multiple-channel communications, J. Lightwave Technol., 11:12 (Dec.), 1914–1924, 1993.
H. Kidorf, K. Rottwitt, M. Nissov, M. Ma and E. Rabarijaona, Pump interactions in a 100-nm bandwidth Raman amplifier, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 11:5, (May), 530–532, 1999.
R.H. Stolen and M.A. Bosch, Low-frequency and low temperature Raman scattering in silica fibers, Phys. Rev. Lett., 48:805–808, 1982.
P.B. Hansen, L. Eskildsen, A.J. Stentz, T.A. Strasser, J. Judkins, J.J. DeMarco, R. Pedrazzi, and D.J. DioGiovanni, Rayleigh scattering limitations in distributed Raman preamplifiers, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 10: (Jan.), 159–161, 1998.
S.T. Davey, D.L. Williams, B.J. Ainslie, W.J.M. Rothwell, and B. Wakefield, Optical gain spectrum of GeO2-SiO2 Raman fibre amplifiers, IEE Proceedings, 136: Pt J, 301–306, (1989).
K. Rottwitt, M. Nissov, and F. Kerfoot, Detailed analysis of Raman amplifiers for long-haul transmission, OFC 1998, 30, TuG1, 1998.
M.A. Farahani and T. Gogolla, Spontaneous Raman scattering in optical fibers with modulated probe light for distributed temperature Raman remote sensing, J. Lightwave Technol., 17:8 (August), 1379–1391, 1999.
R.G. Smith, Optical power handling capacity of low loss optical fibers as determined by stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering, Appl. Optics, 11:11, (Nov.), 2489–2494, 1972.
S.R. Chinn, Analysis of counter-pumped small-signal fibre Raman amplifiers, Electron. Lett., 33:7, (March 27), 2489–2494, 1997.
S.A.E Lewis, S.V. Chernikov and J.R. Taylor, Gain and saturation characteristics of dual wavelength-pumped silica-fibre Raman amplifiers, Electron. Lett., 35:14, (July 8), 1178–1179, 1999.
C.R.S. Fludger, Dynamic gain tilt of a gain flattened distributed Raman amplifier under saturation in a DWDM system, OAA 2000, Quebec City, July, 2000.
C.R.S Fludger, A. Maroney, N. Jolley, and R.J. Mears, An analysis of the improvements in OSNR from distributed Raman amplifiers using modern transmission fibres, OFC 2000, FF2-1, 2000.
R. Billington, Measurement methods for stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering in optical fibres, NPL Report, COEM 31, June, 1999.
S.T. Davey, D.L. Williams, D.M. Spirit, and B J. Ainslie, The fabrication of low loss high NA silica fibres for Raman amplification, SPIE 1171: Fiber Laser Sources and Amplifiers, 1989.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fludger, C.R.S. (2004). Linear Noise Characteristics. In: Islam, M.N. (eds) Raman Amplifiers for Telecommunications 1. Springer Series in Optical Sciences, vol 90/1. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21583-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21583-9_4
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-00751-9
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-21583-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive