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- 1.
The ganglion of Remak or Remak ganglion, which is only found in birds, originates in the lumbosacral NC and is the major parasympathetic nervous system element in the hindgut. It is named after Robert Remak (1815–1865) who first described histological characters for each germ layer and provided the first detailed description of mesoderm, Pander’s ‘middle vessel’ layer (see Chapter 2).
- 2.
For the induction and development of placodes in anurans and urodeles, see Schlosser and Northcutt (2000, 2001) and Schlosser (2002a,b, 2006*).
- 3.
The story is more complicated than this; secondary neuromasts that develop postembryonically in the posterior lateral line in fish, arise from new waves of precursors and not by budding from the embryonic lateral line (Ledent, 2002).
- 4.
See Collazo et al. (1994) for the DiI-labeling study, S. C. Smith et al. (1990*) and Northcutt (1996) for associations between placodal and NC ectoderm, and Metscher et al. (1997) for Msx2 and Dlx3. The role of the lateral line system, especially neuromasts, in specifying pigment patterns in anuran and urodele amphibian tadpoles is discussed in Chapter 5.
- 5.
See O’Neill et al. (2007) for Tbx3 and Andermann et al. (2002) for Ngn1. A neurogenic gene also has been cloned from amphioxus and the earliest known marker for amphioxus neuroectoderm, appearing as two segmental bands in early neurulae and in the dorsal neural tube of mid-stage neurulae. Subsequent AmphiNg is expressed in epidermal chemosensory cells, and in the midgut along with an insulin-like peptide in a region that L. Z. Holland et al. (2000) surmise could be a homolog of the pancreas.
- 6.
See Holmgren (1940) and Wonsettler and Webb (1997) for lateral line patterns in sharks, rays, and bony fish, and Webb and Northcutt (1997) for neuromasts in nonteleost bony fish, in which multiple canal neuromasts between pore positions is the evolutionarily primitive condition. See Tardy and Webb (2003) and Webb and Shirey (2003) for lateral line canal and neuromast development in zebrafish, and Wilson et al. (2007) for Cad4, lateral line, and neuromast development in zebrafish. For the possible induction of bone or cartilage by organs of the lateral line, see Hall and Hanken (1985) and Webb and Noden (1993*).
- 7.
See the study by Whitlock et al. (2003) and a commentary on and discussion of it by von Bartheld and Baker (2004). See Box 4.2 and L. Z. Holland and N. D. Holland (2001*) for homologies of the adenohypophysis.
- 8.
See Ali et al. (2003) for the study on the otic vesicle and for references to the earlier studies, and Erickson and Weston (1999) for a critique of the possibility of accidentally labeling other cells in such studies.
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Hall, B.K. (2009). Neuronal Cells and Nervous Systems. In: Hall, B.K. (eds) The Neural Crest and Neural Crest Cells in Vertebrate Development and Evolution. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09846-3_6
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