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- 1.
In addition to being the site of the future notochord and, therefore, a major player in the induction of neural ectoderm and NC, Hensen’s node in tetrapods and its homolog, Kupffer’s vesicle, in fish (see Box 9.1) imposes rostrocaudal patterning onto the NC during primary neurulation.
- 2.
Pax (Paired box) genes, of which there are nine arranged in four groups, are transcription factors linked on the basis of a shared Paired domain. A partial or complete homeodomain also may be present. Each of the nine Pax genes acts within a specific tissue. Eight of the nine are discussed in this book. The only one not discussed, Pax4, functions in the β cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Vertebrates have multiple copies of Pax genes resulting from gene duplication (see Box 1.2). Where vertebrates have a single gene, amphioxus has a single copy of the orthologous gene: Pax 3 and Pax7 in vertebrates, Pax 3/7 in amphioxus (AmphiPax3/7); Pax 1 and Pax9 in vertebrates, AmphiPax1/9 in amphioxus.
- 3.
Living jawless vertebrates (agnathans) were formerly included in the cyclostomes, a group comprised of lampreys (petromyzontids), hagfish (myxinoids), and various groups of extinct jawless vertebrates. Cyclostomes, however, are not a natural (monophyletic) group. Researchers have grappled with whether lampreys and hagfish represent a monophyletic group of vertebrates with a common ancestor, or whether they represent two separate lines of jawless vertebrates (Fig. 1.3; and see Figs. 4.3 and 4.4).
- 4.
See Lamb et al. (1993) for Noggin as an inducer of rostral neural structures and Holtfreter (1968) and Nieuwkoop et al. (1985) for older studies on lateral induction affecting the NC.
- 5.
In their description of larval cement glands in 20 species of frogs, Nokhbatolfoghahai and Downie (2005) documented five patterns—not necessarily restricted to families—and three species that lacked cement glands, two of which bore traces of the glands as evaginations.
- 6.
See Maclean and Hall (1987) and Hall (1987, 1999a*, 2005b*) for examples of loss of ectodermal competence.
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Hall, B.K. (2009). Embryological Origins and the Identification of Neural Crest Cells. In: Hall, B.K. (eds) The Neural Crest and Neural Crest Cells in Vertebrate Development and Evolution. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09846-3_2
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