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Notes
- 1.
 Hörstadius was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Academia Pontifica (Vatican); Fellow of the Royal Society of London, the Royal Institution of Great Britain and the Societé Zoologique de France; and held honorary doctorates from the Université de Paris and Cambridge University. Active in scientific administration at the international level, Hörstadius was Secretary-General and organizer of the Xth International Ornithological Congress in Uppsala in 1950 and edited the proceedings, to which he contributed a paper on Swedish ornithology (Hörstadius, 1951). A founding member of the Council of The World Wildlife Fund, Hörstadius was also chairman of the European Section of the International Council for Bird Preservation, president of the Swedish Ornithological Society, president of the International Union of Biological Sciences (1953–1958) and president of the International Council of Scientific Unions (1962–1963).
- 2.
 See Ebendal (1995) and O. Jacobson (2000) for details of his scientific work and Olsson (2000) for a bibliography.
- 3.
 Based on the scheme outlined in Shimeld (2008).
- 4.
 A 14th Hox gene (Hox14) has been identified in amphioxus, a lamprey, the coelacanth and a shark. It is not expressed in the CNS, somitic mesoderm, or fin buds of the Japanese lamprey, Lethenteron japonicum, but rather is expressed in association with the hindgut. The decoupling of Hox14 from the collinear arrangement of Hox1–Hox13 is thought by Kuraku and colleagues (2008) to have facilitated its loss in tetrapods and teleost fish.
- 5.
See Holland and Graham (1995), Peterson and Davidson (2000), Shimeld and Holland (2000), and Carroll et al. (2005) for literature on the major roles of Hox genes in bilaterian evolution. Modes of evolutionary change in gene activity at levels other than structural changes in gene sequences have emerged in recent years. Changes in cis-regulation and changes in noncoding RNA molecules such as MicroRNAs (MiRNAs) are two changes under active investigation. See Hall and HallgrÃmsson (2008) for the evolution of gene regulation, Eberhart et al. (2008) for MiRNA regulation of the PdgfRa gene and cleft palate in zebrafish, Heimberg et al. (2008) for an overview of MiRNAs, and Miller et al. (2007) for parallel evolution of cis-regulation of the gene for c-kit ligand in the evolution of pigmentation in marine and freshwater species of threespine sticklebacks and in humans (see Chapter 5).
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Hall, B.K. (2009). Discovery. In: Hall, B.K. (eds) The Neural Crest and Neural Crest Cells in Vertebrate Development and Evolution. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09846-3_1
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