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Typhoid Fever

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Bacterial Infections of Humans

Typhoid fever is an acute generalized infection of the reticuloendothelial system, intestinal lymphoid tissue, and gallbladder caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi). This communicable disease is restricted to human hosts and humans (chronic carriers) serve as the reservoir of infection. A broad spectrum of clinical illness can ensue, with more severe forms being characterized by persisting high fever, abdominal discomfort, malaise, and headache. In the preantibiotic era, the disease ran its course over several weeks, resulting in a case fatality rate of approximately 10–20%.(1,2) The protracted, debilitating nature of this febrile illness in untreated (or improperly treated) patients is accompanied by mental cloudiness or stupor, which gave rise to the term “typhoid,” meaning stuporlike. Paratyphoid fever is the clinically similar febrile infection caused by S. Paratyphi A or B (or more rarely C). Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers are also referred to as enteric fevers. In most endemic areas, typhoid comprises approximately 80% of enteric fever.

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  1. Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA

    Myron M. Levine

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  1. Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Clifton Road NE., 1518, Atlanta, 30322, U.S.A.

    Philip S. Brachman

  2. College of Medicine, Office of Faculty Affairs, Drexel University, Race Street 1505, Philadelphia, 19102, U.S.A.

    Elias Abrutyn

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Levine, M.M. (2009). Typhoid Fever. In: Brachman, P., Abrutyn, E. (eds) Bacterial Infections of Humans. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09843-2_43

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