Abstract
The study of social movements has until recently been concerned mainly with their causes, their course of development, and their demise. The major theoretical positions have been classified by Doug McAdam (1982) into three models: the classical model, the resource mobilization model, and the political process model. The theoretical advancement has proceeded from a focus on the social structural causes of social movements (classical model), to an emphasis on the resources and mobilization of challenger groups (resource mobilization model), culminating finally in an approach which perceives social movements as the end product of the confluence of political opportunities, the organizational strength of the challenger groups, and the cognitive liberation of the prospective movement participants (the political process model).
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Notes
- 1.
A later section in this paper provides a fuller account of these riots.
- 2.
The Tiao Yu Tai Islands, located near the northeast coast of Taiwan, were originally part of the Taiwan Province, but were included in the Okinawa Territory under the mandate of the United States after the Second World War. When the US Government announced in 1970 its decision to return Okinawa, together with the Tiao Yu Tai Islands, to Japan in May 1972, the Chinese Government protested.
- 3.
In Chinese, this faction was called literally Social Faction or Society Faction. I have translated the title to Social Action Faction to reflect the group's orientation. This group was also sometimes referred to as the Liberal Democratic Faction.
- 4.
Some examples are the Anti-Corruption Campaign of 1973, the Anti-Inflation Campaign of 1973-4, and the protest against the Queen's visit, 1975.
- 5.
This periodization is based on Joe England's (1979, 82–83). I have modified and updated the classification for the present discussion.
- 6.
Reported in Survey of China Mainland Press, No. 3971 (30 June 1967, 22).
- 7.
Reported in Survey of China Mainland Press, No. 3969 (28 June 1967, 18).
- 8.
Historian John D. Young wrote: “… it became apparent that by the fall of 1967, the Cultural Revolution leaders were intent on going back to a more peaceful relationship with China's neighbors …” “By late September, … China had already ceased its contribution to the strike fund …. In early October, the annual contract between China and Hong Kong for the sale of water was renewed….” (Young 1981, 168).
- 9.
The annual growth rate of real gross domestic products, which stood at 14% in 1973, dropped to a record low of around 2.5% in 1974 and 1975. Unemployment also rose to very high levels in these recession years. The index of real average daily wages for industrial workers, which stood at 159 in 1973, fell to 141 and 137 in 1974 and 1975 respectively.
- 10.
Quoted in Joe England 1989, 13.
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Leung, B.K. (2011). Social Movement as Cognitive Praxis: The Case of the Student Movement and the Labor Movement in Hong Kong. In: Broadbent, J., Brockman, V. (eds) East Asian Social Movements. Nonprofit and Civil Society Studies. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09626-1_15
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