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Mechanisms of Oncogenesis by Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and Insights into Cancer

Abstract

Most replication-competent retroviruses cause cancer only after a long latent period, by insertional mutagenesis of the host genome, usually resulting in activation of a cellular proto-oncogene. In contrast, acute-transforming retroviruses, which have transduced host proto-oncogenes, cause rapid tumor formation and death. In both cases, some of the same genes are overexpressed and/or mutated, including genes involved in mitogenic signaling, cell cycle control, and cell survival.

We are near the 100th anniversaries of the discoveries of both leukemia (1908) and sarcoma (1910) viruses in birds. In honor of this important milestone, this review will be focused mainly on studies of oncogensis by avian viruses, which paved the way for studies with many other oncogenic retroviruses. Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) causes rapid oncogenesis by high level expression of an activated src gene tyrosine kinase. The host src gene was transduced by the virus without its C-terminal negative regulatory domain.

In contrast, avian leukosis virus (ALV) induces B-cell lymphomas by insertional mutagenesis after the provirus integrates into the host genome. In addition to activation of classical proto-oncogenes, proviral insertions can activate cellular micro-RNAs called oncomiRs. The precursor of miR-155, which is upregulated in many human tumors, was first identified as a common ALV B-cell integration cluster (bic) in metastatic, long-latency lymphomas. Targets of miR-155 repression include tumor-suppressor genes, providing a novel mechanism for their inactivation in ALV-induced tumors. Telomerase reverse transcriptase is also activated by enhancer insertion in many ALV-induced lymphomas, providing a good model system for study of telomerase-dependent tumors.

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Acknowledgements

Work in the Beemon lab was supported by a grant from the National Cancer Institute. We acknowledge the contributions of many present and former lab members. Unpublished work was performed by Jason Weil; Johanna Withers; George Dy; Mohan Bolisetty; Feng Yang; Amanda Reider and Saranya Sasidharan. We would also like to thank our collaborators, especially Bill Hayward, Paul Neiman, Robin Morgan, and Yun-Xing Wang. In addition, we thank Jason Weil and Johanna Withers for review of the manuscript.

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  1. Biology Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21210, USA

    Karen L. Beemon

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  1. Karen L. Beemon
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  2. Mohan Bolisetty
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Correspondence to Karen L. Beemon .

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  1. , Section of Molecular Genetics and Microb, University of Texas, Austin, One University Station, Austin, 78712-0162, Texas, USA

    Jaquelin Dudley

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Beemon, K.L., Bolisetty, M. (2010). Mechanisms of Oncogenesis by Retroviruses. In: Dudley, J. (eds) Retroviruses and Insights into Cancer. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09581-3_2

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