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Notes
- 1.
1(Lichtenstein and Renaudeau d’Arc, (in press). The quality of the data variesy somewhat by country, and estimates do not always agree. For example, US FWS, citing Nowak, (1991), give a figure of 6,000 in 1965 — For more information, see Chapter 3 in this volume.
- 2.
2Argentina joined in 1981
- 3.
3Ecuador was excluded. There is at present only a very small population of vicuña in this country. They reported 2,455 vicuñavicunas at the XXIII Annual Meeting of the VicuñaVicuna Convention.
- 4.
4As commentators have noted, with increasing globalization and trade liberalization, arguments regarding the role of and right to impose stronger domestic measures are being heard with greater frequency. These stricter domestic measures effectively over-ride what has been internationally agreed, and can nullify the purpose for which states come together to form conventions.
- 5.
5We are informed that in the case of Chile, it is against the National Constitution to assign special rights to a particular group of people.
- 6.
6In 1996, the vicuñavicuna national census recorded that 69% per cent of the total vicuñavicuna population (23,293 of 33,844) were located in three target areas: Ulla Ulla and Mauri-Desaguadero located in the department of La Paz, and Lipez-Chichas in the department of Potosi (DNCB 1997a).
- 7.
7Authorised by Supreme Decree (DS 24.529, May 1997).
- 8.
8These local communities are Quechua- and Aymara-speaking indigenous people.
- 9.
9Third parties cannot act as representatives of communities.
- 10.
10International and national policies became aligned in 2000, when CITES lifted the zero quota for export under certain terms and conditions.
- 11.
11Campesino communities are legally recognized in Peru, and as of 1998, approximately 3,956 out of 5,666 have legal title to their land.
- 12.
12The list does not include organizations concerned with development, and more particularly the well-being of indigenous groups, since these have not been of any great significance.
- 13.
13Bolivia is not commercializing fibre yet.
- 14.
14Until recently, there was in Peru a “‘Vicuñavicuna Consortium”’, both buying and processing the fibre.
- 15.
15In recent years, since vicuñavicuna exports have begun to be permitted, Italy and Japan are the main importing countries, but also others, e.g. Hong Kong, Singapore and China.
- 16.
16The CITES authority in Peru was formerly Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales (INRENA).
- 17.
17One should perhaps also include poachers, both local and foreign. The issue of poaching is addressed below.
- 18.
18This is a recent phenomenon, notably in Peru: private firms that capture vicuñavicunas for the communities and are paid in fibre.
- 19.
19At least 1,252 vicuñasvicuna were poached in Peru from June 2004 to July 2005, according to CONACS (Informe a la XXIV Reunion Ordinaria del Convenio de la Vicuna, Republic de Peru).
- 20.
20In response to this international concern, a workshop was organized by the Directorate of Wildlife. Key informants from Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile attended to discuss and identify a list of actions to be taken to address the problems of poaching and illegal trade of vicuñavicuna products (VIII Technical Meeting of the VicunaVicuña Convention, 20–22/11/2004). At this meeting it was agreed that the complexity of the poaching issue calls for integration and interchange of information and coordination of activities among all countries, and also within each country, where there is a need for cooperation among authorities in charge of security, customs and politics. Authorities in charge agree also on the importance of local participation in vicuñavicuna management in order to get local partners for conservation and the importance of environmental education (Taller sobre caza furtive y trafico illegal de productos de vicunias. VIII Reunion Tecnica-Convenio de la vicuña. La Quiaca, Septiembre 2004.)
- 21.
21Policies that secure benefits to local people are often broadly defined in the VicuñaVicuna Convention. In most vicuñavicuna management initiatives, however, the implementation guidelines stipulating how to put such policies into practice are unclear (Lichtenstein and Renaudeau d'Arc, in press). Defining the boundaries of vicuñavicuna use, and of those authorised to use it, can be thought of as a first step in planning for a fair distribution of benefits (Renaudeau d'’Arc, 2005).
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McNeill, D., Gabriela, L., Nadine, R.d. (2009). International Policies and National Legislation Concerning Vicuña Conservation and Exploitation. In: Gordon, I.J. (eds) The Vicuña. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09476-2_6
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