Abstract
Since its foundation in 1958, the European Community (EC) has played a key role in the consolidation of the Western ‘security community’. At each stage, its strengthening has been a result of voluntary agreement between member states. Yet the cumulative result has been an unprecedented shift in the nature of international society away from unfettered state sovereignty. With the end of the Cold War, moreover, the EC (now the European Union, or EU) has begun to develop its role as an ‘exporter’ of stability, using its attractiveness to potential new members in order to expand the security community into Eastern Europe. From its initial beginnings as a Community of six, it has now become a Union of 15, and most of the European states that are not yet members have applied to join.
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Notes
William Wallace, Regional Integration: the West European Experience, Brookings, 1994, pp. 20–1 points out that ‘the entire territory of the original six countries could be contained within the fifteen northeastern states of the US’.
Andrew Moravcsik, The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht, UCL Press, 1999 also emphasises the importance of economic interdependence as a driving force in European integration.
The account of the evolution of the EU budget in this chapter is based on a variety of sources, including Helen Wallace, Budgetary Politics: the Finances of the European Communities, Allen & Unwin, 1980;
Michael Shackleton, Financing the European Community, RIIA/Pinter, 1990;
John Pinder, European Community: the Building of a Union, third edition, Oxford University Press, 1998;
David Armstrong, Lorna Lloyd and John Redmond, From Versailles to Maastricht: International Organisations in the 20th Century, Macmillan, 1996;
Brigid Laffan and Michael Shackleton, ‘The Budget’ in Helen Wallace and William Wallace (eds), Policy-Making in the European Union, third edition, Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 71–96;
Iain Begg and Nigel Grimwade, Paying for Europe, Sheffield Academic Press, 1998; Moravcsik, The Choice for Europe.
Also see Alan Milward, The European Rescue of the Nation-State, Routledge, 1992, pp. 227–8.
European Commission, The Community Budget: the Facts in Figures, 1998, Table 3.
Also see Dieter Biehl, ‘The public finances of the Union’ in Andrew Duff, John Pinder and Roy Pryce (eds), Maastricht and Beyond: Building the European Union, Routledge, 1994, p. 141.
European Commission, Financing the European Union: Report on the Operation of the Own Resources System, October 1998, Annex 8, Table 6b. This uses a definition of budgetary balance close to that used to calculate the size of the UK rebate.
Roy Denman, Missed Chances: Britain and Europe in the Twentieth Century, Indigo, 1997, p. 194.
Major-General Edward Fursdon, The European Defence Community: a History, Mac-millan, 1980, p. 297.
Helen Wallace ‘The institutions of the EU: experiences and experiments’ in Helen Wallace and William Wallace (eds), Policy-making in the European Union, Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 45.
Elisabetta Croci-Angelini, ‘Agricultural policy’ in Francesco Francioni (ed.), Italy and EC Membership Evaluated, Pinter Publishers, 1992, p. 36. While other authors give different figures, some higher and some lower, there is a consensus that Germany was a net contributor to the budget during this period.
Annual Report of the Court of Auditors, Official Journal of the European Communities, 12 December 1990, pp. 76–7.
Helen Wallace, ‘Distributional politics: Dividing up the Community cake’ in Helen Wallace, William Wallace and Carole Webb (eds), Policy-Making in the European Communities, second edition, 1982, p. 94.
Michael Franklin, The EC Budget: Realism, Redistribution and Radical Reform, Royal Institute of International Affairs Discussion Paper 42, 1992, p. 7.
Pinder, European Community, pp. 110–115; Michael Shackleton, Financing the European Community, Chatham House Papers, 1990, pp. 10–13.
Cited in Joan Pearce, ‘The Common Agricultural Policy: The Accumulation of Special Interests’, in Helen Wallace, William Wallace and Carole Webb (eds), Policy-Making in the European Community, second edition, Oxford University Press, 1983, p. 153. For a comparison of different estimates of trade losses, all of which show Italy as a major net contributor, see Croci-Angelini, ‘Agricultural Policy’, p. 43.
John W. Young, Britain and European Unity 1945–1992, Macmillan, 1993, p. 105.
David Armstrong, Lorna Lloyd and John Redmond, From Versailles to Maastricht: International Organisations in the 20th Century, Macmillan, 1996, p. 167.
European Commission, The Effects on the Union’s Policies of Enlargement to the Applicant Countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Agenda 2000 Impact Study), European Commission, 1997. GDP is calculated at PPP.
Alan Mayhew, Recreating Europe: the European Union’s Policy towards Central and Eastern Europe, Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 139.
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© 2000 Malcolm Chalmers
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Chalmers, M. (2000). The European Union. In: Sharing Security. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-333-97740-8_4
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