Abstract
When the supersonic solar wind reaches the neighborhood of a planetary obstacle it decelerates. The nature of this interaction can be very different, depending upon whether this obstacle has a large-scale planetary magnetic field and/or a well-developed atmosphere/ionosphere. For a number of years significant uncertainties have existed concerning the nature of the solar wind interaction at Mars, because of the lack of relevant plasma and field observations. However, measurements by the Phobos-2 and Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft, with different instrument complements and orbital parameters, led to a significant improvement of our knowledge about the regions and boundaries surrounding Mars.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Acuña, M. H. et al.: 1992, ‘Mars Observer Magnetic Fields Investigation’, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 7799.
Acuña, M. H. et al.: 1998, ‘Magnetic Field and Plasma Observations at Mars: Initial Results of the Mars Global Surveyor Mission’, Science 279, 1676.
Acuña, M. H. et al.: 1999, ‘Global Distribution of Crustal Magnetization Discovered by the Mars Global Surveyor MAG/ER Experiment’, Science 284, 790.
Acuña, M. H., Connerney, J. E. P., Ness, N. F., Lin, R. P., Mitchell, D., Carlson, C. W., McFadden, J., Anderson, K. A., Rème, H., Mazelle, C., Vignes, D., Wasilewski, P. and Cloutier, P.: 2001, ‘The Magnetic Field of Mars: Summary of Results From the Aerobraking and Mapping Orbits’, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 23403.
Albee, A. L., Palluconi, F. D. and Arvidson, R. A.: 1998, ‘Mars Global Surveyor mission: Overview and Status’, Science 279, 1671.
Alfvén, H.: 1957, ‘On the Theory of Comet Tails’, Tellus 9, 92.
Alexander, C. J. and Russell C. T.: 1985, ‘Solar Cycle Dependence of the Location of the Venus Bow Shock’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 12, 369.
Arkani-Hamed, J.: 2001, ‘A 50-degree Spherical Harmonic Model of the Magnetic Field of Mars’, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 23197.
Axford W. I.: 1991, ‘A Commentary on Our Present Understanding of the Martian Magnetosphere’, Planetary Space Sci. 39, 167.
Barabash, S. et al.: 1995, ‘Diagnostic of Energetic Neutral Particles at Mars by the ASPERA-C Instrument For the Mars 96 Mission’, Adv. Space Res. 16, (4)81.
Barabash, S., Holmström, M., Lukyanov, A. and Kallio, E.: 2002, ‘Energetic Neutral Atoms at Mars IV: Imaging of Planetary Oxygen, J. Geophys. Res. 107 (A10), 1280.
Bauer, S. J.: 1973, Physics of Planetary Ionospheres, Springer-Verlag, New York.
Bauer, S. J. and Hantsch, M. H.: 1989, ‘Solar Cycle Variations of the Upper Atmosphere Temperatur of Mars’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 16, 373.
Bauer, S. J.: 1999, ‘Mars Upper Atmosphere: Response to Solar Activity’, Anzeiger Abt. II 136, 19.
Baumgärtel K. and Sauer, K.: 1992, ‘Interaction of a Magnetized Plasma Stream with an Immobile Ion Cloud’, Ann. Geophys. 10, 763–771.
Bertucci, C., Mazelle, C., Crider, D. et al., 2002, ‘Magnetic Field Line Draping Enhancement across the Martian Magnetic Pileup Boundary’, EGU Meeting, Nice, France.
Bertucci, C., Mazelle, C., Vignes, D., Crider, D. H., Acuña, M. H., Connerney, J. E. P., Mitchell, D. L., Lin, R. P., Rème, H., Cloutier, R. A., Ness, N. F. and Winterhalter, D.: 2003a, ‘Magnetic Field Draping Enhancement at the Magnetic Pileup Boundary from Mars Global Surveyor’, Observations, Geophys. Res. Lett. 30(2), 1099, 10.1029/2002 GL015713.
Bertucci, C., Mazelle, C., Slavin, J. A., Russell, C. T. and Acuna, M. H., 2003b, Magnetic Field Draping Enhancement at Venus; Evidence of Magnetic Pileup Boundary, Geophys. Res. Lett. 30(17), 1876, doi: 10.1029/2003 GL017271.
Bezrukikh, V. V., Verigin, M. I. and Shutte, N. M.: 1978, ‘On the Disclosure of the Heavy Ions in the Region of the Solar Wind Interaction with Mars planet, Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya (Space Research)’, 16(4), 583–587, (in Russian).
Bougher, S. W., Engel, S., Hinson, D. P. and Forbes, J. M.: 2001, Mars Global Surveyor Radio Science Electron Density Profiles: Neutral Atmosphere Implications’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 16, 3091.
Brace, L. H. and Kliore, A. J.: 1991, ‘The Structure of the Venus Ionosphere’, Space Sci. Rev. 55, 81.
Brain, D. A. et al.: 2003, ‘Reconnection of Martian Crustal Magnetic Fields to the Solar Wind’, J. Geophys. Res. 108 (A12),1424,10.1029/2002 JA009482.
Brannon, J. F., Fox, J. L. and Porter, H. S.: 1993, ‘Evidence for Day-to Night Transport at Low Solar Activity in the Venus pre-dawn Ionosphere’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 2739.
Brecht, S. H. and Thomas, V. A.: 1988, ‘Multidimensional Simulations Using Hybrid Particle Codes’, Comp. Phys. Comm. 48, 135.
Brecht, S. H. and Ferrante, J. R.: 1991, ‘Global Hybrid Simulation of Unmagnetized Planets: Comparison of Venus and Mars, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 11209.
Brecht, S. H., Ferrante, J. R. and Luhmann, J. G.: 1993, ‘Three-dimensional Simulations of the Solar Wind Interaction With Mars’, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 1345.
Brecht, S. H.: 1997a, ‘Hybrid Simulations of the Magnetic Topology of Mars, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 4743.
Brecht, S. H.: 1997b. H.: 1997b, ‘Solar Wind Proton Deposition into the Martian Atmosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 11287.
Brecht, S. H.: 2002, ‘Numerical Techniques Associated with Simulations of Solar Wind Interactions with Non-Magnetized Bodies’, Comparative Aeronomy in The Solar System, eds. M. Mendillo, A. Nagy and H. Waite, American Geophysical Union, Washington.
Breus, T. K., Krymskii, A. M., Lundin, R., Dubinin, E. M., Luhmann, J. G., Yeroshenko, Ye. G., Barabash, S. V., Mitnitskii, V. Ya., Pissarenko, N. F. and Styashkin, V. A.: 1991, ‘The Solar Wind Interaction with Mars: Consideration of Phobos 2 Mission Observations of an Ion Composition Boundary on the Dayside’, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 11165–11174.
Breus, T. K. and Krymskii, A. M.: 1992, ‘Turbulent Pick-up of New-born Ions near Venus and Mars and Problems of Numerical Modelling of the Solar Wind Interaction with These Planets. –I. Features of the Solar Wind Interaction with Planets’, Planetary Space Sci. 40, 121.
Breus, T. K. et al.: 1992, ‘Turbulent Pick-up of New-born Ions Near Venus and Mars and Problems of Numerical Modelling of the Solar Wind Interaction with These Planets. –II. Two-fluid HD-model’, Planetary Space Sci. 40, 131.
Breus, T. K. et al.: 1998, ‘Conditions in the Martian Ionosphere/atmosphere from a Comparison of a Thermospheric Model with Radio Occultation Data’, Planetary Space Sci. 46, 367.
Bryant D., Krimigis, S. M. and Haerendel, G.: 1985, IEEE Trans. Geosc. Remote Sensing GE-23, 177.
Chen, R. H., Cravens, R. E. and Nagy, A. F.: 1978, ‘The Martian Ionosphere in Light of the Viking Observations’, J. Geophys. Res. 83, 3871.
Chen, Y, Cloutier, P. A., Crider, D. H., Mazelle, C. and Rème, H.: 2001, ‘On the Role of Charge Exchange in the Formation of the Martian Magnetic Pileup Boundary’, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 29387.
Choi, Y. W. et al.: 1998, ‘Effect of the Magnetic Field on the Energetics of Mars’s Ionosphere’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 2753.
Cloutier P. A. and Daniell, R. E. and Butler: 1973, ‘Ionospheric Currents Induced by Solar Wind Interaction with Planetary Atmospheres’, Planetary Space Sci. 21, 463.
Cloutier, P. A. and Daniell, R. E.: 1979, ‘An Electrodynamic Model of the Solar Wind Interaction with the Ionospheres of Mars and Venus’, Planetary Space Sci. 27, 1111.
Cloutier, P. A. et al.: 1999, ‘Venus-like Interaction of the Solar Wind with Mars’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 2685.
Connerney, J. E. P. et al.: 1999, ‘Magnetic Lineations in the Ancient Crust of Mars, Science 284, 794.
Cravens, T. E., Gombosi, T. I., Kozyra, J. U., Nagy, A. F., Brace L. H. and Knudsen, W. C.: 1980, ‘Model Calculations of the Dayside Ionosphere of Venus: Energetics, J. Geophys. Res. 85, 7778.
Cravens, T. E.: 1991, Ionospheric models for Venus and Mars, p. 277 in Venus and Mars: Atmospheres, Ionospheres, and Solar Wind Interactions, Geophysical Monograph 66, American Geophysical Union, Washington DC.
Cravens, T. E., Shinagawa, H. and Luhmann, J. G.: 1997, in S. Bougher, D. Hunten, and R. Phillips (eds.), Magnetohydrodynamic Processes: Magnetic Fields in the Ionosphere of Venus, Venus II, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 61–93.
Cravens, T. E.: 2000, ‘X-ray Emission from Comets and Planets’, Adv. Space Res. 26, 1443.
Cravens, T. E. and Maurellis, A. N.: 2001, ‘X-ray Emission from Scattering and Fluorescence of Solar X-rays at Venus and Mars’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 3043.
Cravens, T. E., Hoppe, A., Ledvina, S. A. and McKenna-Lawlor, S.: 2002, ‘Pickup Ions near Mars Associated with Escaping Oxygen Atoms’, J. Geophys. Res. 107.
Crider, D. H. et al.: 2000, ‘Evidence for Electron Impact Ionization in the Magnetic Pile-up Boundary of Mars’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 45.
Crider, D. H., Acuña, M., Connerney, J. et al.: 2001, ‘Magnetic Field Draping Around Mars: Mars Global Surveyor Results’, Adv. Space Res. 27(11), 1831.
Crider, D. H., Acuña, M. H., Connerney, J. E. P., Mitchell, D. L., Lin, R. P., Cloutier, P. A., Rème, H., Mazelle, C., Brain, D., Ness, N. F., and Bauer, S.: 2002, ‘Observations of the Latitude Dependence of the Location of the Martian Magnetic Pileup Boundary’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29(8), 10.1029/2001 GL013860.
Crider, D. H. et al.: 2002, ‘Mars Global Surveyor Observations of Solar Wind Magnetic Field Draping Around Mars’, Space Sci. Rev. 111(1–2), 203–221.
Crider, D. H., Vignes, D., Krymskii, A. M., Breus, T. K., Ness, N. F., Mitchell, D. L., Slavin, J. A. and Acuña, M. H.: 2003, ‘A Proxy for Determining Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure at Mars using Mars Global Surveyor Data’, J. Geophys. Res. 108 (A12): 1461, 10.1029/2003 JA009875.
Dennerl, K.: 2001, ‘Discovery of X-rays from Venus with Chandra. In ‘High Energy Universe at Sharp Focus: Chandra Science’. Proceedings of a conference held in St. Paul, MN, 16–18 July 2001. ASP Conference Series.
Dennerl, K.: 2002, ‘Discovery of X-rays from Mars with Chandra, Astron. Astrophys., 394, 1119 doi: 10.1051/0004–6361: 20021116.
Dobe, Z., Nagy, A. F. and Fox, J. L.: 1995, ‘A Theoretical Study Concerning the Solar Cycle
Dependence of the Nightside Ionosphere of Venus’, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 14507.
Dolginov Sh., Yeroshenko, Ye. G. and Zhuzgov, D. N.: 1976a, ‘Magnetic Field of Mars According to Data Mars-3 and Mars-5 Satellites’, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 3353.
Dolginov, Sh., Yeroshenko, Ye. G., Zhuzgov, L. N. Sharova, V. A., Gringauz, K. I., Bezrukikh, V. V., Breus, T. K., Verigin, M. I. and Remizov, A. P.: 1976b, in N. F. Ness (ed.), ‘Magnetic Field and Plasma Inside and Outside of the Martian Magnetosphere’, Solar Wind Interaction with the Planets Mercury, Venus, and Mars, NASA SP-397, 1–20.
Dubinin, E. and Podgorny, I. M.: 1980, ‘Combined magnetosphere’, Cosmic Research, Engl. Transl. 18, 470.
Dubinin, E. M., Lundin, R., Norberg, O. and Pissarenko, N.: 1993a, ‘Ion Acceleration in the Martian Tail: The Phobos Observations, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 3991.
Dubinin, E. M., Lundin, R., Koskinen, H. and Norberg, O.: 1993b, ‘Cold Ions at the Bow Shock: Phobos Observations’, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 5617.
Dubinin E. M., Lundin, R. and Schwingenschuh, K.: 1994, ‘Solar Wind Electrons as Tracers of the Martian Magnetotail Topology, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 2 1233.
Dubinin E. M., Obod, D., Lundin, R., Schwngenschuh, K. and Grard, R.: 1995, ‘Some Features of the Martian Bow Shock’, Adv. Space Res. 15 (8/9), 423.
Dubinin E. M., Sauer, K., Lundin, R., Baumgartel, K. and Bogdanov, A.: 1996a, ‘Structuring of the Transition Region (Plasma Mantle) of the Martian Magnetosphere’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 785.
Dubinin, E. M. et al.: 1996b, ‘Plasma Characteristics of the Boundary Layer in the Martian Magnetosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 27,061.
Dubinin E. M., Sauer, K., Baumgartel, K. and Srivastava, K.: 1998, ‘Multiple Shocks Near Mars’, Earth Planets Space 50, 279.
Dubinin E. M. and Sauer, K.: 1999, ‘The Martian Magnetosphere-A Laboratory for Bi-ion Plasma Investigation’, Astrophys Space Sci. 264, 273.
Dubinin E. M., Sauer, K., McKenzie, J. F. and Chanteur, G.: 2002, ‘Nonlinear Waves and Solitons Propagating Perpendicular to the Magnetic Field in Bi-ion Plasma with Finite Plasma Pressure’, Nonlinear Processes Geophys. 9 (2), 87.
Eastman, T. E., DeCoster, R. J. and Frank, L. A.: 1986, ‘Velocity Distributions of Ion Beams in the Plasma Sheet Boundary Layer, in Ion Acceleration in the Magnetosphere and Ionosphere, Geophysical Monograph 38, AGU, pp. 117, Washington D.C..
Eastwood, J. W.: 1972, ‘Consistency of Fields and Particle Motion in the ‘Speiser’ Model of the Current Sheet’, Planetary Space Sci. 20, 1555.
Elphic, R. C. et al.: 1980, ‘Observations of the Dayside Ionopause and Ionosphere of Venus’, J. Geophys. Res. 85, 7679.
Eshleman, V. R.: 1970, ‘Atmospheres of Mars and Venus: A Review of Mariner 4 and 5 and Venera 4 Experiments’, Radio Sci. 5, 325.
Fjeldbo, G. and Eshleman, V. R.: 1968, ‘The Atmosphere of Mars Analyzed by Integral Inversion of the Mariner 4 Occulation Data’, Planetary Space Sci. 16, 1035.
Fox, J. L. and Dalgarno, A.: 1979, ‘Ionization, Luminosity, and Heating of the Upper Atmosphere of Mars’, J. Geophys. Res. 84, 7315.
Fox, J. L.: 1993, ‘The Production and Loss of Nitrogen Atoms on Mars’, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 3297.
Fox, J. L.: 1996, in G. W. F. Drake (ed.), ‘Aeronomy’, Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics Handbook, 940, Am. Institute Phys. Press, Woodbury, NY.
Fox, J. L.: 1997, ‘Upper Limits to the Outflow of Ions at Mars: Implications for Atmospheric Evolution’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 2901.
Fox, J. L. and Stewart, A. I. F.: 1991, ‘The Venus Ultraviolet Aurora a Soft Electron Source’, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 9829.
Fox, J. L. and Hac, A.: 1997, ‘Spectrum of Hot O at the Exobase of the Terrestrial Planets’, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 24005.
Gan, L., Cravens, T. E. and Horanyi, M.: 1990, ‘Electrons in the Ionopause Boundary Layer of Venus’, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 19023.
Gombosi T. I. et al.: 1981, ‘The Role of Charge-exchange in the Solar Wind Absorption by Venus4, Geophys. Res. Lett. 8, 1265.
Grard, R., Pedersen, A., Klimov, S., Savin, S., Skalsky, A., Trotignon, J. G. and Kennel, C.: 1989, ‘First Measurements of Plasma Waves near Mars’, Nature 341, 607.
Grard, R., Nairn, C., Pedersen, A., Klimov, S., Savin, S., Skalsky, A. and Trotignon, J. G.: 1991, ‘Plasma and Waves Around Mars’, Planetary Space Sci. 39, 89.
Grard, R., Skalsky, S. and Trotignon, J. G.: 1993, in T.J. Combosi (ed.), ‘Selected Wave and Plasma Features of the Martian Environment, Plasma Environment of non-Magnetic Planets, COSPAR Colloq. Ser. 4, Pergamon, New York, pp. 321.
Gringauz K. I., Bezrukhikh, V. V., Verigin, M. I. and Remizov, A. P.: 1975, ‘Studies of Solar Plasma Near Mars and Along the Earth-Mras Path, 3. Characteristics of Ion and Electron Components Measured on Satellite Mars-5’, Cosmic Res. 13, 107.
Gringauz, K. I., Bezrukikh, V. V., Verigin, M. I. and Remizov, A. P.: 1976, ‘On Electron and Ion
Component of Plasma in the Antisolar Part of Near-martian Space, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 3349.
Gringauz, K. I.: 1976, ‘Interaction of Solar Wind with Mars as Seen by Charged Particle Traps on Mars 2, 3 and 5 Satellites’, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 14, 391.
Gringauz, K. I.: 1981, ‘A Comparison of the Magnetospheres of Mars, Venus and the Earth’, Adv. Space Res. 1 (1), 5.
Haider, S. A., Kim, J., Nagy, A. F., Keller, C. N., Verigin, M. I., Gringauz, K. I., Shutte, N. M., Szego, K. and Kiraly, P.: 1992, ‘Calculated Ionization Rates, Ion Densities, and Aiglow Emission Rates Due to Precipitating Electrons in the Nightside Ionosphere of Mars’, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 10637.
Hanson, W. B., Sanatani, S. and Succaro, D. R.: 1977, ‘The Martian Ionosphere as Observed by the Viking Retarding Potential Analyzers’, J. Geophys. Res. 82, 4351.
Hanson, W. B. and Mantas, G. P.: 1988, ‘Viking Electron Temperature Measurements: Evidence for a Magnetic Field in the Martian Ionosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 93, 7538.
Harned, D. S.: 1982, ‘Quasineutralhybrid Simulation of Macroscopic Plasma Phenomena’, J. Comp. Phys. 47, 452.
Harnett, E. M. and Winglee, R. M.: 2003, ‘The Influence of a Mini-magnetopause on the Magnetic Pileup Boundary of Mars’ Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 20, 2074, doi: 1029/2003 GLO17852.
Herman, J. R., Hartle, R. E. and Bauer, S. J.: 1970, ‘The Dayside Ionosphere of Venus’, Planetary Space Sci. 19, 443.
Hill, T. W.: 1975, ‘Magnetic Merging in a Collisionless Plasma’, J. Geophys. Res. 80, 4689.
Hodges, R. R.: 2000, ‘Distributions of Hot Oxygen for Venus and Mars’, J. Geophys. Res. 105, 6971.
Holmström, M., Barabash, S. and Kallio, E.: 2001, ‘X-ray Imaging of the Solar Wind-Mars Interaction’. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 1287.
Holmström, M., Barabash, S. and Kallio, E.: 2002, ‘Energetic Neutral Atoms at Mars I: Imaging of Solar Wind Protons’, J. Geophys. Res. 107 (A10), 1277.
Ip, W.-H.: 1992a, ‘Ion Acceleration at the Current Sheet of the Martian Magnetosphere’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 2095.
Ip W.-H.: 1992b, ‘Neutral Particle Environment of Mars: The Exosphere-plasma Interaction Effects’, Adv. Space Res. 12 (9), 205.
Ip W.-H., Breus, R. K. and Zarnowiecki, T.: 1994, ‘Termination of the Solar Wind Flow Near Mars by Charge-exchange’, Planetary Space Sci. 42, 435.
Izakov, M. N. and Roste, O. Z.: 1996, ‘Martian Upper Atmosphere Structure Variation’, Cosmich. Issled. 34, N3.
Israelevich P. L. et al.: 1994, ‘The Induced Magnetosphere of Comet Halley: Interplanetary Magnetic Field During Giotto Encounter’, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 6575.
Kallio, E., Koskinen, H., Barabash, S., Lundin, R., Norberg, O. and Luhmann, J. G.: 1994, ‘Proton Flow in the Martian Magnetosheath’, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 23547.
Kallio, E.: 1996, E.: 1996, ‘An Empirical Model of the Solar Wind Flow Around Mars’ J. Geophys. Res. 101, 11133.
Kallio, E., Luhmann, J. G. and Barabash, S.: 1997, S.: 1997, ‘Charge Exchange Near Mars: The Solar Wind Absorption and Energetic Neutral Atom Production’, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 22183.
Kallio, E. and Koskinen, H.: 1999, A Test Particle Simulation of Oxygen Ions and Solar Wind Protons Near Mars’, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 557.
Kallio, E. and Barabash, S.: 2000, ‘On the Elastic and Inelastic Collisions Between the Precipitating Energetic Hydrogen Atoms and the Martian Atmospheric Neutrals’, J. Geophys. Res. 105, 24973.
Kallio, E. and Barabash, S.: 2001, ‘Atmospheric Effects of Precipitating Energetic Hydrogen Atoms to the Martian Atmosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 165–177.
Kallio, E. and Janhunen, P.: 2001, ‘Atmospheric Effects of Proton Precipitation in the Martian Atmosphere and its Connection to the Mars-Solar Wind Interaction’, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 5617.
Kallio, E. and Janhunen, P.: 2002, ‘Ion Escape from Mars in a Quasi-neutral Hybrid Model’, J. Geophys. Res. 107(A3), 10.1029/2001 JA000090.
Kass, D. M. and Yung, Y. L.: 1995, ‘Loss of Atmosphere from Mars due to Solar Wind Sputtering, Science 268, 697.
Kass, D. M. and Yung, Y. L.: 1996, ‘Response: The Loss of Atmosphere from Mars’, Science 274, 1932.
Keating G. M. et al.: 1998, ‘The Structure of the Upper Atmosphere of Mars. In situ Accelerometer Measurements from Mars Global Surveyor’, Science 279, 1672.
Kim, J., Nagy, A. F., Fox, J. L. and Cravens, T. E.: 1998, ‘Solar Cycle Variability of Hot Oxygen Atoms at Mars’, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 29339.
Kivelson, M. G., Khurana, K. K. and Volwerk, M.: 2002, ‘The Permanent and Inductive Magnetic Moments of Ganymede.’ Icarus, 157, 2, 502.
Kliore, A. J. et al.: 1967, ‘Atmosphere and Ionosphere of Venus from Mariner 5 S-band Radio Occultation Experiment’, Science 158, 1683.
Kliore A. J., Cain, D. C., Fjeldbo, G., Seidel, B. L. and Rasool, S. I.: 1972, ‘Mariner-9 S-band Occultation Experiment: Initial Results on the Atmosphere and Topography of Mars’, Science 175, 313.
Kliore A. J., Fjeldbo, G., Seidel, B. L., Sykes, M. J. and Woiceshyn, P. M.: 1973, ‘S-band Radio Occultation Measurements of the Atmosphere and Topography of Mars with Mariner 9 - Extended Mission Coverage of Polar and Intermediate Latitudes’, J. Geophys. Res. 78, 4331.
Kliore, A. J.: 1992, ‘Radio Occultation Observations of the Ionospheres of Mars and Venus, Venus and Mars: Atmospheres, Ionospheres and Solar Wind Interactions’, 265, Geophys. Monograph 66, American Geophysical Union.
Kotova, G. A., Verigin, M. I., Shutte, N. M., Remizov, A. P., Rosenbauer, H., Riedler, W., Schwingenschuh, K., Zhang, T.-L., Szego, K. and Tatrallyay, M.: 1997a, ‘Planetary Heavy Ions in the Magnetotail of Mars: Results of the TAUS and MAGMA Experiments Aboard PHOBOS 2’, Adv. Space Res. 20 (2), 173.
Kotova, G., Verigin, M., Remizov, A., Shutte, N., Slavin, J., Szego, K., Tatrallyay, M., Rosenbauer, H., Livi, S., Richter, A., Schwingenschuh, K. and Zhang, T.-L.: 1997b, ‘The study of the Solar Wind Deceleration Upstream of the Martian Terminator Bow Shock’, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 2165.
Kotova, G. A., Verigin, M. I., Remizov, A. P., Shutte, N. M., Rosenbauer, H. et al.: 2000a, ‘Heavy Ions in the Magnetosphere of Mars: Phobos 2/TAUS Observations’, Phys. Chem. of the Earth (C) 25, 157.
Kotova G. A., Verigin, M. I., Remizov, A. P., Rosenbauer, H., Livi, S., Riedler, W., Schwingenschuh, K., Tatrallyay, M., Szego, K. and Apathy, I.: 2000b, ‘On the Possibility of Identifying of Heavy Ion Acceleration Processes in the Magnetotail of Mars’, Earth Planets Space 52.
Krasnopolsky, V. A. and Gladstone, G. R.: 1996, ‘Helium on Mars: EUVE and PHOBOS Data and Implications for Mars’Evolution’, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 15765.
Krymskii, A. M.: 1992, in J. G. Luhmann, M. Tatrallyay, and R. O. Pepin (eds.), ‘An Interpretation of the Large Scale Ionospheric Magnetic Fields and the Altitude Distribution of the Ionosphere Plasma on the Dayside of Venus and Mars, Venus and Mars, Atmospheres, Ionospheres, and Solar Wind Interactions, Geophys. Monograph 66, 289.
Krymskii, A. M., Breus, T. K., Ness, N. F. and Acuña, M. H.: 2000, ‘The IMF Pile-up Regions near the Earth and Venus: Lessons for the Solar Wind–Mars Interaction’, Space Sci. Rev. 92, 535.
Krymskii, A. M., Breus, T. K., Ness, N. F., Acuña, M. H., Connerney, J. E. P., Crider, D. H., Mitchell, D. L. and Bauer, S. I.: 2002, ‘Structure of the Magnetic Field Flux Connected with Crustal Magnetization and Top-side Ionosphere of Mars’, J. Geophys. Res. 107 (A9), 1245, doi: 10.1029/2001 JAO000239.
Kumar, S. and Hunten, D. M.: 1974, ‘An Ionospheric Model With an Exospheric Temperature of 350 K’, J. Geophys. Res. 79, 2529.
Leblanc, F. and Johnson, R. E.: 2002, ‘Role of Molecular Species in Pickup Ion Sputtering of the Martian Atmosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 107(E2), 10.1029/2000JE001473.
Lichtenegger, H., Schwingenschuh, K., Dubinin, E. and Lundin, R.: 1995, ‘Particle Simulation in the Martian Magnetotail’, J. Geophys. Res. 21659.
Lichtenegger, H., Dubinin, E. and Ip, W.-H.: 1997, ‘The Depletion of the Solar Wind near Mars’, Adv. Space Res. 20 (2), 143.
Lichtenegger, H. and Dubinin, E.: 1998, ‘Model Calculations of the Planetary Ion Distribution in the Martian Tail’, Earth Planets Space 50, 445.
Lichtenegger, H. and Dubinin, E.: 1999, ‘Charge-exchange in the Magnetosheath of Mars’, Adv. Space Res..
Lichtenegger, H., Dubinin, E., Schwingenschuh, K. and Riedler, W.: 2000, ‘The Martian Plasma Environment: Model Calculations and Observations’, Adv. Space Res. 26, 1623.
Lichtenegger, H., Lammer, H. and Stumptner, W.: 2002, ‘Energetic Neutral Atoms at Mars III: Flux and Energy Distribution of Planetary Energetic H atoms’, J. Geophys. Res. 107, (A10), 1279, doi: 10.1029/2001 JA000322.
Liu, Y., Nagy, A. F., Clinton, P. T., Groth, D. L., DeZeeuw, L. and Gombosi, T. I.: 1999, ‘3D multi- fluid MHD Studies of the Solar Wind Interaction with Mars’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 2689.
Liu, Y, Nagy, A. F., Gombosi, T. I., DeZeeuw, D. L. and Powell, K. G.: 2001, ‘The Solar Wind Interaction with Mars: Results of Three-dimensional Three-species MHD Studies’, Adv. Space Res. 27, 1837.
Luhmann, J. G.: 1986, ‘The Solar-Wind Interaction with Venus’, Space Sci. Rev. 44(3–4, 241.
Luhmann, J. G. and Cravens, T. E.: 1991, ‘Magnetic Fields in the Ionosphere of Venus’, Space Sci. Rev. 55, 201.
Luhmann, J. G. and Kozyra, J. U.: 1991, ‘Dayside Pickup Oxygen Ion Precipitation at Venus and Mars: Spatial Distributions, Energy Deposition and Consequences’, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 5457.
Luhmann, J. G. et al.: 1987, ‘Characteristics of the Mars-like Limit of the Venus–Solar Wind Interaction’, J. Geophys. Res. 92, 8545.
Luhmann, J. G., Russell, C. T., Schwingenschuh, K. and Yeroshenko, Ye.: 1991, Ye.: 1991, ‘A Comparison of Induced Magnetotails of Planetary Bodies: Venus, Mars, and Titan’, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 11199.
Luhmann, J. G. et al.: 1992, ‘Evolutionary Impact of Sputtering of the Martian Atmosphere by O+Pickup Ions’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 2151.
Lundin, R., Zakharov, A., Pellinen, R., Borg, H., Hultqvist, B., Pissarenko, N., Dubinin, E. M., Bara-bash, S. V., Liede, I. and Koskinen, H.: 1989, ‘First Measurements of the Oonospheric Plasma Escape from Mars’, Nature, 341, 6243, 609.
Lundin, R. et al.: 1990, ‘Plasma Composition Measurements of Martian Magnetosphere Morphology’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 877.
Lundin, R. and Dubinin, E. M.: 1992, ‘Phobos-2 Results on the Ionospheric Plasma Escape from Mars’, Adv. Space Res. 12 (9), 255.
Lundin, R. et al.: 1993, in T. I. Gombosi (ed.), ‘ASPERA Observations of Martian Magnetospheric Boundaries’, Plasma Environments of Non-magnetic Planets Pergamon Press, p. 311.
Ma, Y., Nagy, A. A. F., Hansen, K. C., DeZeeuw, D. L., Gombosi, T. I. and Powell, K. G.: 2002, ‘3D Multi-fluid MHD Studies of the Solar Wind Interaction with Mars in the Presence of Crustal Fields’, J. Geophys. Res. 107, (in press).
Ma, Y., Nagy, A. F. and Sokolov, I. V. and K. C. Hansen: 2004, 3D, Multispecies, High Spatial Presolution MHD Studies of the Solar Wind Interaction with Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 109, 2003 JAO10367.
Mahajan, K. K. and Mayr, H. G.: 1989, ‘Venus Ionopause During Solar Minimum’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 16, 1477.
Mantas, G. P. and Hanson, W. B.: 1979, ‘Photoelectron Fluxes in the Martian Ionosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 84, 369.
Marubashi, K., Grebowsky, J. M., Taylor, H. A. et al.: 1985, ‘Magnetic Field in the Wake of Venus and the Formation of Ionospheric Holes’, J. Geophys. Res. 90, 1385.
Mazelle, C., Rème, H., Sauvaud, J. A., d’Uston, C., Carlson, C. W., Anderson, K. A., Curtis, D. W., Lin, R. P., Korth, A., Mendis, D. A., Neubauer, F. M., Glassmeier, K. H. and Raeder, J.: 1989, ‘Analysis of Suprathermal Electron Properties at the Magnetic Pile-up Boundary of Comet P/Halley’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 16 (9), 1035.
Mazelle, C, Rème, H., Neubauer, F. M. and Glassmeier, K.-H.: 1995, ‘Comparison of the Main Magnetic and Plasma Features in the Environments of Comets Grigg-skjellerup and Halley’, Adv. Space Res 16, (4)41–(4)45.
Mazelle C., Vignes, D., Rème, H., Sauvaud, J. A., d’Uston, C., Acuña, M. H., Connerney, J. E. P., Wasilewski, P., Lin, R. P., Mitchell, D. L., Anderson, K. A., Carlson, C. W., McFadden, J., Curtis, D. W., Cloutier, P. A., Crider, D. H., Law, C. C., Bauer, S. J., Ness, N. F. and Winterhalter, D.: 1998, ‘Analysis of the Magnetic ‘Pile-up’ Boundary at Mars, Eos Trans. AGU Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract P12A-09.
Mazelle, C., Bertucci, C., Rème, H., Mitchell, D. L., Lin, R. P., Vignes, D., Crider, D. H., Acuña, M. H., Connerney, J. E. P., Sauer, K., Chen, Y., Cloutier, P. A., Ness, N. F., and Winterhalter, D.: 2002, ‘The Magnetic Pileup Boundary at Mars: A Comet-like Feature in the Interaction of the Planet Atmosphere with the Solar Wind’, in preparation.
McComas D. J., Spence, H. E., Russell, C. T. et al.: 1986, ‘The Average Magnetic-field Draping and Consistent Plasma Properties of the Venus Magnetotail’. J Geophys Res. 91, 7939.
McElroy, M. B.: 1969, ‘Structure of the Venus and Mars Atmospheres’, J. Geophys. Res. 74, 29. McElroy, M. B. and McConnell, J. C.: 1971, ‘Atomic Carbon in the Atmospheres of Mars and Venus’, J. Geophys. Res. 76, 6674.
McElroy, M. B. and McConnell, J. C. C.: ‘Dissociation of CO2 in the Martian Atmosphere’, J. Atmos. Sci. 28, 1437.
McKenzie J. F., Marsch, E., Baumgartel, K. and Sauer, K.: 1993, ‘Wave and Stability Properties of Multi-ion Plasmas with Applications to Winds and Flows’, Annal. Geophysikae 11, 341.
McKenzie J. F., Sauer, K. and Dubinin, E.: 2001, ‘Stationary Waves in a Bi-ion Plasma Transverse to the Magnetic Field’, J. Plasma Physics 65, 197.
Mellott, M. M. and Livesey, W. A.: 1987, ‘Shock Overshoots Revisited’, J. Geophys. Res. 92, 13661. Michel, F. C.: 1971, ‘Solar-wind-induced Mass Loss from Magnetic Field-free Planets’, Planetary Space Sci. 19, 1580.
Mitchell, D. L. et al.: 2000, ‘Oxygen Auger Electrons Observed in Mars’ Ionosphere’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 1827.
Mitchell, D. L., Lin, R. P., Mazelle, C., Rème, H., Cloutier, P. A., Connerney, J. E. P., Acuña, M. H. and Ness, N. F.: 2001, ‘Probing Mars’ Crustal Magnetic Field and Ionosphere with the MGS Electron Reflectometer’, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 23419.
Mitchell, D. L., Lin, R. P., Rème, H., Cloutier, P. A., Connerney, J. E. P., Acuña, M. H. and Ness, N. F.: 2002, ‘Probing Mars’ Crustal Magnetic Field and Ionosphere with the MGS Electron Reflectometer, Lunar and Planetary Science XXX III.
Motschmann, U., Sauer, K., Roatsch, T. and McKenzie, J. F.: 1991, ‘Subcritical Multiple-ion Shocks’, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 13841.
Möhlmann, D. et al.: 1991, ‘The Question of an Internal Martian Magnetic Field’, Planetary Space Sci. 39, 83.
Möhlmann D.: 1992, ‘The Question of a Martian Planetary Magnetic Field’, Adv. Spave. Res. 12 (8), 213.
Mura, A., Milillo, A., Orsini, S., Kallio, E. and Barabash, S.: 2002, ‘Energetic Neutral Atoms at Mars II: Energetic Neutral Atom Production near Phobos’, J. Geophys. Res. 107 (A10), 1278.
Nagy, A. F., Cravens, T. E., Smith, S. G., Taylor, H. A. and Brinton, H. C.: 1980, ‘Model Calculations of the Dayside Ionosphere of Venus: Ionic Composition’, J. Geophys. Res. 85, 7795.
Nagy, A. F., Gombosi, T. I., Szego, K., Sagdeev, R. Z., Shapiro, V. D. and Shevchenko, V. I.: 1990, ‘Venus Mantle - Mars Planetosphere: What are the Similarities and Differences’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 865.
Nagy, A. F. and Cravens, T. E.: 1997, in S. W. Bougher, D. M. Hunten and R. J. Phillips (Eds.), ‘Ionosphere: Energetics’, Venus II p. 189.
Nagy, A. F. and Cravens, T. E.: 2002, in M. Mendillo, A. Nagy and H. Waite (Eds.), ‘Solar System Ionospheres’, Atmospheres in the Solar System: Comparative Aeronomy p. 39, Geophys. Mon. 130, American Geophysical Union.
Ness, N. F., Acuña, M. H., Connerney, J., Wasilewski, P., Mazelle, C., Sauvaud, J., Vignes, D., d’Uston, C., Rème, H., Lin, R., Mitchell, D. I., McFadden, J., Curtis, D., Cloutier, P. and Bauer, S.: 1999, ‘MGS Magnetic Fields and Electron Reflectometer Investigation: Discovery of Paleomagnetic Fields due to Crustal Remnance’, Adv. Space Res. 23 (11), 1876.
Ness, N. F. et al.: 2000, ‘Effects of Magnetic Anomalies Discovered at Mars on the Structure of the Martian Ionosphere and Solar Wind Interaction as Follows from Radio Occultation Experiment’ J. Geophys. Res 105, 15991.
Neubauer, F. M.: 1987, ‘Giotto Magnetic-field Results on the Boundary of the Pile-up Region and the Magnetic Cavity’, Astron. Astropys. 187, 73.
Neubauer, F. M., Marschall, H., Pohl, M., Glassmeier, K.-H., Musmann, G., Mariani, F., Acuña,. H., Burlaga, L. F., Ness, N. F., Wallis, M. K., Schmidt, H. U. and Ungstrup, E.: 1993, ‘First Results from the Giotto Magnetometer Experiment During the P/Grigg-Skjellerup Encounter’, Astron. Astrophys. 268, L5–L8.
Nier, A. J. and McElroy, M. B.: 1977, ‘Composition and Structure of the Mars’ Upper Atmosphere: Results from the Neutral Mass Spectrometers on Viking 1 and 2’, J. Geophys. Res. 82, 4241.
Norberg, O., Barabash, S. and Lundin, R.: 1993, in T. Gombosi (ed.), ‘Observations of Molecular Ions in the Martian Plasma Environment’, Plasma Environments of Non-magnetic Planets, COSPAR Colloquia Series, 4, p. 299.
Paxton, L. J. and Anderson, D. E.: 1991, ‘Far Ultraviolet Remote Sensing of Venus and Mars’, in Venus and Mars: Atmospheres, Ionospheres, and Solar Wind Interactions, 112, Geophysical Monograph 66, American Geophysical Union, Washington DC.
Pedersen A., Nairn, C., Grard, R. and Schwingenschuh, K.: 1991, K.: 1991, ‘Deviation of Electron Densities from Differential Potential Measurements Upstream and Downstream of the Bow Shock and in the Magnetosphere of Mars’, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 1 1243.
Phillips, J. L., Luhmann, J. G. and Russell, C. T.: 1984, ‘Growth and Maintenance of Large-scale Magnetic Fields in the Dayside of Venus’, J. Geophys. Res. 89, 10676.
Powell et al.: 1999, ‘A solution-adaptive Upwind Scheme for Ideal Magnetohydrodynamics’, J. Comp. Phys. 154, 284.
Rasool, S. I. and Stewart, R. W.: 1971, ‘Results and Interpretation of S-band Occultation Experiments n Mars and Venus’, J. Atmos. Sci. 28, 869.
Rème, H., Mazelle, C., Sauvaud, J. A., d’Uston, C., Froment, F., Lin, R. P., Anderson, K. A., Carlson, C. W., Larson, D. E., Korth, A., Chaizy, P. and Mendis, D.A.: 1993, ‘Electron Plasma Environment at Comet Grigg-Skjellerup: General Observations and Comparison with the Environment at Comet Halley’, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 20965.
Riedler, W,., Mohlmann, D., Oraevsky, V. N., Schwingenschuh, K., Eroshenko, Ye., Rustenbach, J., Aydogar, Oe., Berghofer, G., Lichtenegger, H., Delva, M., Schelch, G., Pirsch, K., Fremuth, G., Steller, M., Arnold, H., Raditsch, T., Ayster, U., Fornacon, K.-H., Schenk, H. J., Michaelis, H., Motschmann, U., Roatsch, T., Sauer, K., Schroter, R., Kurths, J., Lenners, D., Linthe, J., Kobzev, V., Styashkin, V., Achache, J., Slavin, J., Luhmann, J. G. and Russell, C. T.: 1989, ‘Magnetic Fields Near Mars: First Results’, Nature 341, 604.
Roelof, E. C. and Skinner, A. J.: 2000, ‘Extraction of Ion Distributions from Magnetospheric and EUV Images’, Space Sci. Rev. 91, 437.
Rohrbaugh, R. P., Nisbet, J. S., Blauler, E. and Hesman, J. R.: 1979, ‘The Effect of Energetically Produced O2+ on the Ion Temperatures of the Martian Thermosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 84, 3327, 1979.
Rosenbauer, H., N. Shutte, I. Apathy, A. Galeev, K. Gringauz, H. Gruenwaldt, P. Hemmerich, K. Jockers, P. Kiraly, G. Kotova, S. Livi, E. Marsh, A. Richter, W. Riedler, A. Remizov, R. Schwenn, K. Schwingenschuh, M. Steller, K. Szego, M. Verigin, and M. Witte, Ions of martian origin and plasma sheet in the martian magnetotail: Initial results of TAUS experiment, Nature, 341, 612, 1989.
Rosenbauer, H., M. Verigin, G. Kotova, S. Livi, A. Remizov, W. Riedler, K. Schwingenschuh, N. Shutte, J. Slavin, K. Szego, M. Talrallyay and T.-L. Zhang: 1994, On the Correlation of the Magnetic Field in the Martian Magnetotail to the Solar Wind Parameters, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 17199.
Russell, C. T., Hoppe, M. M. and Livesay, W. A.: 1982, ‘Overshoots in Planetary Bow Shocks’, Nature 296, 45.
Russell, C. T.: 1985, in B. Tsurutani and R. Stone (eds) Planetary bow shocks, Collisionless Shocks in the Heliosphere: Reviews of Current Research, Geophysical Monograph 35, Washington DC, p. 109.
Russell, C. T. et al.: 1988, ‘Solar and Interplanetary Control of the Location of the Venus Bow Shock’, J. Geophys. Res. 93, 5461.
Sagdeev, R. Z. and Zakharov, A. V.: 1989, ‘Brief History of the Phobos Mission’, Nature 341, 585.
Sauer K., Baumgärtel, K., Axnäs, I. and Brenning, N.: 1990, ‘A Fluid Simulation of the AMPTE Solar Wind Lithium Release’, Adv. Space Res. 10, 95.
Sauer, K., Roatsch, T., Motschmann, U., Schwingenschuh, K., Lundin, R., Rosenbauer, H. and Livi, S.: 1992, ‘Observations of Plasma Boundaries and Phenomena around Mars with Phobos 2’, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 6227.
Sauer, K., Roatsch, T., Baumgartel, K. and McKenzie, J. F.: 1992, ‘Critical Density Layer as Obstacle at Solar Wind-Exosphere Ion Interaction’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 645.
Sauer, K., Bogdanov, A. and Baumgartel, K.: 1994, ‘Evidence of an Ion Composition Boundary (Protonopause) in Bi-Ion Fluid Simulations of Solar Wind Mass Loading’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 2255.
Sauer, K., Bogdanov, A. and Baumgartel, K.: 1995, ‘The Protonopause–an Ion Composition Boundary in the Magnetosheath of Comets, Venus and Mars’, Adv. Space Res. 16 (4), 153.
Sauer, K., Dubinin, E., Baumgartel, K. and Bogdanov, A.: 1996, ‘Bow-Shock ‘Splitting’ in Bi-Ion Flows’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 3643.
Sauer, K., Dubinin, E. and Baumgartel, K.: 1998, ‘Nonlinear MHD Waves and Discontinuities in the Martian Magnetosheath. Observations and 2D bi-ion MHD Simulations’, Earth Planets Space 50, 793.
Sauer, K., McKenzie, E. J. F. and Dubinin, E.: 2000, in M. Verheest, M. Goosens, M. A. Hellberg and R. Bharuthram (eds), Waves and nonlinear structures in bi-ion plasmas, in: Waves in Dusty, Solar and Space Plasmas Vol. 537 AIP Conference Proceedings, p. 327, American Institute of Ophysics, Melville, N.Y..
Sauer, K. and Dubinin, E.: 2000, ‘The Nature of the Martian ‘Obstacle Boundary’, Adv. Space Res. 26 (10), 1633.
Savich, N. A. et al.: 1979, in N. F. Ness (ed) The nighttime ionosphere of Mars from Mars 4 and 5 radio occultation dual -frequency measurements, Solar Wind Interaction with the Planets Mercury, Venus, and Mars, NASA Special Publication 397, Washington, DC.
Schunk, R. W. and Nagy, A. F.: 2000, Ionospheres, Cambridge University Press.
Schwingenschuh, K., Riedler, W., Yeroshenko, Y. et al.: 1987, ‘Magnetic-Field Draping in the Comet Halley Coma - Comparison of Vega Observations with Computer-Simulations’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 14, 640.
Schwingenschuh, K., Riedler, W., Lichtenegger, H., Yeroshenko, Ye., Sauer, K., Luhmann, J. G., Ong, M. and Russell, C. T.: 1990, ‘Martian Bow Shock: Phobos Observations’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 889.
Schwingenschuh, K. et al.: 1992a, ‘The Martian Magnetic Field Environment: Induced or Dominated by an Intrincic Magnetic Field’, Adv. Space Res. 12(9), 213.
Schwingenschuh, K. a. W. R.: 1992b, in H. K. Biernat, G. A. Bachmaier, S. J. Bauer and R. P. Rijnbeek (eds), Solar wind interaction with nonmagnetic and weakly magnetized bodies in the solar system. Proceedings of the Workshop ‘The Solar Wind-Magnetosphere System’, 247.
Shabanskiy, V. P.: 1972, Phenomena in the Near Terrestrial Space, Nauka, pp. 167–190, Moscow (in Russian).
Shinagawa, H., Cravens, T. E. and Nagy, A. F.: 1987, ‘A One-Dimensional Time-Dependent Model of the Magnetized Ionosphere of Venus’, J. Geophys. Res. 92, 7317.
Shinagawa, H. and Cravens, T. E.: 1988, A One-Dimensional Multi-Species Magnetohydrodynamic Model of the Dayside Ionosphere of Venus’, J. Geophys. Res. 93, 11263.
Shinagawa, H. and Cravens, T. E.:1989, ‘A One-Dimensional Multispecies Magneto Hydodynamical Model of the Dayside Ionosphere of Mars’, J. Geophys. Res. 94, 6506.
Shinagawa, H. and Cravens, T. E.: 1992, ‘The Ionospheric Effects of a Weak Intrinsic Magnetic Field at Mars’, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 1027.
Shinagawa, H.: 1996, ‘A Two-Dimensionsl Model of the Venus Ionosphere, 1. Unmagnetized Ionosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 26911.
Shutte, N. M. et al.: 1989, ‘Observations of Electron and Ion Fluxes in the Vicinity of Mars with the HARP Spectrometer’, Nature 341, 614.
Slavin, J. A., Elphic, R. C. and Russell, C. T.: 1979, ‘A Comparison of Pioneer Venus and Venera Bow Shock Observations: Evidence for a Solar Cycle Variation’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 6, 905.
Slavin, J. A. and Holzer, R. E.: 1982, ‘The Solar Wind Interaction with Mars Revisited’, J. Geophys. Res. 87, 10285.
Slavin, J. A., Holzer, R. E., Spreiter, J. R., Stahara, S. S. and Chaussee, D. S.: 1983, Solar Wind Flow about the Terrestrial Planets, 2. Comparisons with Gasdynamic Theory and Implications for Solar Planetary Interactions’, J. Geophys. Res. 88, 19.
Slavin, J. A. and Holzer, R. E.: 1983, ‘Solar Wind Flow about the Terrestrial Planets 2, Comparison with Gasdynamic Theory and Implications for Solar-Planetary Interactions’, J. Geophys. Res. 88, 19.
Slavin, J. A., Smith, E. J. and Intriligator, D. S.: 1984, ‘A Comparative Study of Distant Magnetotail Structure at Venus and Earth’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 11, 1074.
Slavin, J. A., Smith, E. J., Tsurutani, B. T. et al..: 1986, ‘Giacobini-Zinner Magnetotail: ICE Magnetic Field Observations’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 13, 283.
Slavin, J. A., Schwingenschuh, K., Riedler, W. and Yeroshenko, Ye.: 1991, Ye.: 1991, ‘The Solar Wind Interaction with Mars: Mariner 4, Mars 2, Mars 3, Mars 5 and Phobos 2 Observations of Bow Shock Position and Shape’, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 1 1235.
Speiser, T. W.: 1965, ‘Particle Trajectories in Model Current Sheets, 1.Analytical Solutions’, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 4219.
Spenner, K., Knudsen, W. C., Miller, K. L., Novak, V., Russell, K. L. and Elphic, R. C.: 1980, ‘Observation of the Venus Mantle, the Boundary Region Between Solar Wind and Ionosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 85, 7655.
Spreiter, J. R. and Briggs, B. R.: 1962, ‘Theoretical Determination of the Form of the Boundary of the Solar Corpuscular Stream Produced by the Interaction with the Magnetic Dipole Field of the Earth’, J. Geophys. Res. 67, 37.
Spreiter, J. R. and Stahara, S. S.: 1980: ‘A New Predictive Model for Determining Solar Wind–Terrestrial Planet Interactions’, J. Geophys. Res. 85 (6), 769.
Stewart, A. I.: 1972, ‘Mariner 6 and 7 Ultraviolet Ultraviolet Spectrometer Experiment: Implications of CO+ 2, CO, and O Airglow’, J. Geophys. Res. 77, 54.
Stewart, A. I. and Hanson, W. B.: 1982, in A. Kliore (ed) Mars Upper Atmosphere: Mean and Variations, in the Mars Reference Atmosphere, Adv. Space Res. 2, 87.
Szegö, K., Glassmeier, K. H., Brinca, A., Bingham, R., Cravens, T., Fischer, C., Fisk, L., Gombosi, T., Harendel, G., Lee, M., Mazelle, C., Moebius, E., Motschmann, U., Isenberg, P., Sauer, K., Shapiro, V., Schwadron, N., Tsurutani, B. and Zank, G.: 2000, ‘Physics of Mass Loaded Plasma’, Space Sci. Rev. 94, 429.
Szego, K.: 2001, ‘Present Understanding of the Dayside Mantle of Venus and Mars’, Adv. Space Res. 28, 841.
Trotignon, J. G., Grard, R. and Slavin, S.: 1991, S.: 1991, ‘Plasma Wave System Measurements of the Martian Bow Shock from the Phobos 2 Spacecraft’, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 1 1253.
Trotignon, J. G., Grard, R. and Skalsky, A.: 1993, ‘Position and Shape of the Martian Bow Shock: the Phobos 2 Plasma Wave System Observations’, Planetary Space Sci. 41, 189.
Trotignon, J. G., Dubinin, E., Grard, R., Barabash, S. and Lundin, R.: 1996, ‘Martian Planetopause as Seen by the Plasma Wave System Onboard Phobos 2, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 24965.
Vaisberg, O. L., Bogdanov, A. V., Smirnov, V. N. and Romanov, S. A.: 1975, ‘Initial Results of Ion Flux Measurements by RIEP-2801M Instrument on Mars-4 and Mars-5’, Cosmic Res. 13, 112.
Vaisberg, O. L.: 1976, in D. J. Williams (ed) Mars - plasma environment, Physics of Solar Planetary Environments, Vol. 2. AGU, Boulder, Colorado, 854.
Vaisberg, O. L.: 1992, in J. G. Luhmann, M. Tatrallyay and R. O. Pepin (eds), The solar wind interaction with Mars: A review of results from early soviet missions to Mars, in Venus and Mars: Atmospheres, Ionospheres, and Solar wind Interactions, Geophys. Monogr. 66, NW, Washington, p. 311.
Vasiliev, M. B., Vyshlov, A. S., Kolosov, M. A., Savich, A. I. et al.: 1975, ‘Preliminary Results of the Two Frequency Radio Sounding of the Martian Ionosphere by Using the Mars Interplanetary Stations in 1974’, Kosmicheskie issledovanija 13,48 (in Russian).
Verigin, M. I., Shutte, N. M., Galeev, A. A., Gringauz, K. I., Kotova, G. A., Remizov, A. P., Rosenbauer, H., Hemmerich, P., Livi, S., Richter, A. K., Apathy, I., Szego, K., Riedler, W., Schwingenschuh, K., Stellar, M. and Yeroshenko, Ye. G.: 1991a, ‘Ions of Planetary Origin in the Martian Magnetosphere (Phobos 2/Taus Experiment)’, Planetary Space Sci. 39, 131.
Verigin, M. I., Gringauz, K. I., Shutte, N. M., Haider, S. A., Szgo, K., Kiraly, P., Nagy, A. F. and Gombosi, T. I.,: 19916, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 19307.
Verigin, M. I., Gringauz, K. I., Kotova, G. A., Remizov, A. P., Shutte, N. M., Richter, A., Riedler, W., Schwingenschuh, K., Szego, K., Apathy, I. and Tatrallyay, M.: 1993, ‘The Dependence of the Martian Magnetopause and Bow Shock on Solar Wind Ram Pressure According to Phobos 2 TAUS Ion Spectrometer Measurements’, J. Gephys. Res. 98, 1303.
Verigin, M., Kotova, G., Shutte, N., Remizov, A., Szego, K., Tatrallyay, M., Apathy, I., Rosenbauer, H., Livi, S., Richter, A. K. Schwingenschuh, K., Zhang, T.-L., Slavin, J. and Lemaire, J.: 1997, ‘Quantitative Model of the Martian Magnetopause Shape and its Variation with the Solar Wind Ram Pressure Based on Phobos 2 Observations’, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 2147.
Verigin, M. I., Kotova, G. A., Remizov, A. P., Styazhkin, V. A., Shutte, N. M., Zhang, T.-L., Riedler, W., Rosenbauer, H., Szego, K., Tatrallyay, M. and Schwingenschuh, K.: 1999, ‘Shape and Location of Planetary Bow Shocks’, Cosmic Res. 37, 34.
Verigin, M. I., Kotova, G. A., Remizov, A. P., Szegö, K., Tátrallyay, M., Slavin, J., Rosenbauer, H., Livi, S., Riedle, W., Schwingenschuh, K. and Zhang, T.-L.: 2001, ‘Evidence of the Influence of Equatorial Martian Crustal Magnetization on the Position of the Planetary Magnetotail Boundary by Phobos 2 Data’, Adv. Space Res. 28 (6), 885.
Vignes, D. et al.: 2000, ‘The Solar Wind interaction with Mars: Locations and Shapes of the Bow Shock and the Magnetic Pile-up Boundary from the Observations of the MAG/ER Experiment Onboard Mars Global Surveyor’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 49.
Vignes, D., Acuña, M. H., Connerney, J. E. P., Crider, D. H., Mazelle, C. and Rème, H.: 2002, ‘Factors Controlling the Location of the Bow Shock at Mars’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 9, 42, 1328 doi: 10.029/2001 GL014513.
Wallis, M. K.: 1978, ‘Exospheric Density and Escape Fluxes of Atomic Isotopes on Venus and Mars’, Planetary Space Sci. 26, 949.
Whitten, R. C.: 1970, ‘The Daytime Upper Atmosphere of Venus’, J. Geophys. Res. 75, 3707. Yeroshenko, Ye., Riedler, W., Schwingenschuh, K., Luhmann, J. G., Ong, M. and Russell, C. T.: 1990, ‘The Magnetotail of Mars: Phobos 2 Observations’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 17 (6), 885–888.
Zakharov, A. V.: 1992, in J. G. Luhmann, M. Tatrallyay and R. Pepin (eds), The plasma environment of Mars: Phobos mission results, Venus and Mars: Atmospheres, Ionospheres, and Solar Wind Interactions, p. 327, Geophysical Monograph 66, Washington, D.C..
Zhang, T. L., Luhmann, J. G. and Russell, C. T.: 1990a, ‘The Solar Cycle Dependence of the Location and Shape of the Venus Bow Shock’, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 14961.
Zhang, M. H. G., Luhmann, J. G. and Kliore, A. J.: 1990b, ‘An Observational Study of the Nightside Ionospheres of Venus and Mars with Radio Occultation Methods’, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 17095.
Zhang, M. H. G., Luhmann, J. G. and Kliore, A. J.: 1990c, ‘A Post-Pioneer Venus Reassessment of the Martian Dayside Ionosphere as Observed by Radio Occultation Methods’, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 14829.
Zhang, T. L., Luhmann, J. G. and Russell, C. T.: 1991. T.: 1991, ‘The Magnetic Barrier at Venus’, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 1 1145.
Zhang, M. H. G., Luhmann, J. G., Nagy, A. F., Spreiter, J. R. and Stahara, S. S.: 1993a, ‘Oxygen Ionization Rates at Mars and Venus: Relative Contributions of Impact Ionization and Charge Exchange’, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 3311.
Zhang, M. H. G., Luhmann, J. G., Bougher, S. W. and Nagy, A. F.: 1993b, ‘The Ancient Oxygen Exosphere of Mars: Implication for Atmospheric Evolution’, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 10915.
Zhang, T. L., Schwingenschuh, K., Russell, C. T., Luhmann, J. G., Rosenbauer, H., Verigin, M. I. and Kotova, K.: 1994, ‘The Flaring of the Martian Magnetotail Observed by the Phobos 2 Spacecraft’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 1121.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nagy, A.F. et al. (2004). The Plasma Environment of Mars. In: Winterhalter, D., Acuña, M., Zakharov, A. (eds) Mars’ Magnetism and Its Interaction with the Solar Wind. Space Sciences Series of ISSI, vol 18. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48604-3_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48604-3_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-6582-7
Online ISBN: 978-0-306-48604-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive