Abstract
One of the central problems in supernova theory is the question how massive stars explode. Understanding the physical processes that drive the explosion is crucial for linking the stellar progenitors to the final remnants and for predicting observable properties like explosion energies, neutron star and black hole masses, nucleosynthetic yields, explosion anisotropies, and pulsar kicks. In this article we review different suggestions for the explosion mechanism and discuss the constraints that can or cannot be deduced from observations. The prompt hydrodynamical bounce-shock mechanism has turned out not to work for typical stellar iron cores and empirical values of the compressibility of bulk nuclear matter. Magnetohydrodynamical models on the other hand contain a number of imponderabilities and are still far behind the level of refinement that has been achieved in nonmagnetic simulations. In view of these facts the neutrino-driven mechanism must still be considered as the standard paradigm to explain the explosion of ordinary supernovae, although its viability has yet to be demonstrated convincingly. Since spherically symmetric models do not yield explosions, the hope rests on the helpful effects of convection inside the nascent neutron star, which could boost the neutrino luminosity, and convective overturn in the neutrino-heated region behind the stalled shock, which increases the efficiency of neutrino-energy transfer in this layer. Here we present the first two-dimensional simulations of these processes which have been performed with a Boltzmann solver for the neutrino transport and a state-of-the-art description of neutrino-matter interactions. Although our most complete models fail to explode, convection brings them encouragingly close to a success. An explosion could be obtained by just a minor modification of the neutrino transport, in which case the exploding model fulfills important requirements from observations. We discuss necessary improvements on the route to finally successful models.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aloy, M.A., Müller, E., Ibáñez, J.M. a , Martí, J.M. a , & MacFadyen, A.I. 2000, Ap. J. (Letters), 531, L119
Akiyama, S., Wheeler, J.C., Meier, D.L., & Lichtenstadt, I. 2002, Ap. J., in press (astro-ph/0208128)
Bailyn, C.D., Jain R.K., Coppi, P., & Orosz, J.A. 1998, Ap. J., 499, 367
Balbus, S.A. & Hawley, J.F. 1998, Reviews of Modern Physics, 70, 1
Baron, E., Bethe, H.A., Brown, G.E., Cooperstein, J., & Kahana, S. 1987, Phys. Rev. Lett., 59, 736
Baron, E. & Cooperstein, J. 1990, Ap. J., 353, 597
Baron, E., Cooperstein, J., & Kahana, S. 1985, Phys. Rev. Lett., 55, 126
Bethe, H.A. 1990, Rev. Mod. Phys., 62, 801
Bethe, H.A. & Wilson, J.R. 1985, Ap. J., 295, 14 (1985)
Bisnovatyi-Kogan, G.S. 1971, Soviet Astronomy AJ, 14, 652
Blandford, R.D. & Znajek, R.L. 1977, MNRAS, 179, 433
Blondin, J.M., Mezzacappa, A., & DeMarino, C. 2002, Ap. J., in press (astro-phi 0210634)
Bruenn, S.W. 1985, Ap. J. Suppl., 58, 771
Bruenn, S.W. 1989a, Ap. J., 340, 955
Bruenn, S.W. 1989b, Ap. J., 341, 385
Bruenn, S.W. 1993, in Nuclear Physics in the Universe, ed. M.W. Guidry & M.R. Strayer (Bristol: IOP) 31
Bruenn, S.W., De Nisco, K.R., & Mezzacappa, A. 2001, Ap. J., 560, 326
Buras, R., Janka, H.-Th., Keil, M.-Th., Raffelt, G., & Rampp, M. 2002, Ap. J., submitted (astro-ph/0205006)
Burrows, A. & Sawyer, R.F. 1998, Phys. Rev. C., 58, 554
Burrows, A. & Sawyer, R.F. 1999, Phys. Rev. C., 59, 510
Burrows, A., Hayes, J., & Fryxell, B.A.. 1995, Ap. J., 450, 830
Carter, G.W. & Prakash, M. 2002, Physics Letters B, 525, 249
Colella, P. & Woodward, P.R. 1984, J. Computational Physics, 54, 174
Colgate, S.A. & White, R.H. 1966, Ap. J., 143, 626
Cordes, J.M. & Chernoff, D.F. 1998, Ap. J., 505, 315
Daigne, F. & Mochkovitch, R. 2002, Astr. Ap., 388, 189
Di Matteo, T., Perna, R., & Narayan, R. 2002, Ap. J., 579, 706
Drenkhahn, G. 2002, Astr. Ap., 387, 714
Drenkhahn, G. & Spruit, H.C. 2002, Astr. Ap., 391, 1141
Emanuel, K.A. 1991, Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 23, 179
Fryer, C.L. 1999, Ap. J., 522, 413
Fryer, C.L. & Heger, A. 2000, Ap. J., 541, 1033
Fryer, C.L. & Warren, M.S. 2002, Ap. J. (Letters), 574, L65
Fryxell, B.A., Müller, E., & Arnett, W.D. 1989, (Preprint MPA-449, Garching: Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik)
Gotthelf, E.V., Koralesky, B., Rudnick, L., Jones, T.W., Hwang, U., & Petre, R. 2001, Ap. J. (Letters), 552, L39
Hamuy, M. 2002, Ap. J., in press (astro-ph/0209174)
Hannestad, S. & Raffelt, G. 1998, Ap. J., 507, 339
Heger, A., Woosley, S.E., Fryer, C.L., & Langer, N. 2002, in: From Twilight to Highlight The Physics of Supernovae, ed. W. Hillebrandt & B. Leibundgut (Springer Series “ESO Astrophysics Symposia”, Berlin: Springer) (astro-ph/0211062)
Einfeldt, B. 1988, SIAM Jour. Numer. Anal., 25, 294
Herant, M. 1995, Physics Rep., 256, 117
Herant, M., Benz, W., & Colgate, S.A. 1992, Ap. J., 395, 642
Herant, M., Benz, W., Hix, W.R., Fryer, C.L., & Colgate, S.A. 1994, Ap. J., 435, 339
Hillebrandt, W., Wolff, R.G., & Nomoto, K. 1984, Astr. Ap., 133, 175
Höflich, P., Wheeler, J.C., & Wang, L. 1999, Ap. J., 521, 179
Hoffman, R.D., Woosley, S.E., Fuller, G.M., & Meyer, B.S. 1996, Ap. J., 460, 478
Horowitz, C.J. 2002, Phys. Rev. D, 65, 043001–1
Iwamoto, K., et al. 1998, Nature, 395, 672
Janka, H.-Th. 2001, Astr. Ap., 368, 527
Janka, H.-Th. & Müller, E. 1995, Ap. J. (Letters), 448, L109
Janka, H.-Th. & Müller, E. 1996, Astr. Ap., 306, 167
Janka, H.-Th., Buras, R., & Rampp, M. 2002, in Proceedings of the 7th Int. Symposium on Nuclei in the Cosmos, Nuclear Physics A, in press
Keil, W. 1997, PhD Thesis, Technische Universität München
Keil, W., Janka, H.-Th., & Müller, E. 1996, Ap. J. (Letters), 473, L111
Kifonidis, K. 2002, PhD Thesis, Technische Universität München
LeBlanc, J.M. & Wilson, J.R. 1970, Ap. J., 161, 541
Khokhlov, A.M., Höflich, P., Oran, E.S., Wheeler, J.C., Wang, L., & Chtchelkanova, A.Yu. 1999, Ap. J. (Letters), 524, L107
Lai, D. 2001, in Physics of Neutron Star Interiors, ed. D. Blaschke, N.K. Glendenning, & A.D. Sedrakian, (Lecture Notes in Physics, 578, Berlin: Springer) 424
Lai, D., Chernoff, D.F., & Cordes, J.M. 2001, Ap. J., 549, 1111
Lattimer, J.M. & Swesty, F.D. 1991, Nucl. Phys. A, 535, 331
Leonhard, D.C., Filippenko, A.V., Ardila, D.R., & Brotherton, M.S. 2001, Ap. J., 553, 86
Liebendörfer, M., Messer, O.E.B., Mezzacappa, A., Hix, W.R., Thielemann, F.K., & Langanke, K. 2002, in Proc. 11th Workshop on Nuclear Astrophysics, ed. W. Hillebrandt & E. Müller (Report MPA/P13, Garching: Max-PlanckInstitut für Astrophysik) 126 (astro-ph/0203260)
Liebendörfer, M., Mezzacappa, A., Thielemann, F., Messer, O.E.B., Hix, W.R., & Bruenn, S.W. 2001, Phys. Rev. D., 63, 3004
Lyne, A.G., & Lorimer, D.R. 1994, Nature, 369, 127
MacFadyen, A.I. & Woosley, S.E. 1999, Ap. J., 524, 262
MacFadyen, A.I., Woosley, S.E., & Heger, A. 2001, Ap. J., 550, 410
Matzner, C.D. 2002, MNRAS, submitted (astro-ph/0203085)
Mayle, R.W., Tavani, M., & Wilson, J.R. 1993, Ap. J., 418, 398
Meier, D.L., Koide, S., & Uchida, Y. 2001, Science, 291, 84
Meier, D.L., Epstein, R.I., Arnett, W.D., & Schramm, D.N. 1976, Ap. J., 204, 869
Mezzacappa, A., et al. 2002, in: From Twilight to Highlight The Physics of Supernovae, ed. W. Hillebrandt & B. Leibundgut (Springer Series “ESO Astrophysics Symposia”, Berlin: Springer)
Mezzacappa, A. & Bruenn, S.W. 1993, Ap. J., 405, 637
Mezzacappa, A. & Bruenn, S.W. 1993, Ap. J., 410, 740
Mezzacappa, A., Liebendörfer, M., Messer, O.E.B., Hix, W.R., Thielemann, F.-K., & Burenn, S.W. 2001, Phys. Rev. Lett., 86, 1935
Mezzacappa, A., Calder, A.C., Bruenn, S.W., Blondin, J.M., Guidry, M.W., Strayer, M.R., & Umar, A.S. 1998, Ap. J., 495, 911
Mönchmeyer, R. 1993, PhD Thesis, Technische Universität München
Müller, E. & Hillebrandt, W. 1979, Astr. Ap., 80, 147
Myra, E.S. & Bludman, S.A. 1989, Ap. J., 340, 384
Myra, E.S., Bludman, S.A., Hoffman, Y., Lichenstadt, I., Sack, N., & van Riper, K.A. 1987, Ap. J., 318, 744
Nadyozhin, D.K. 2002, Astr. Ap., submitted (Preprint MPA 1458, Garching: Max-Planck-Institut fur Astrophysik)
Nomoto, K., Shigeyama, T., Kumagai, S., Yamaoka, H., Suzuki, T. 1994, in Supernovae, Les Houches Session LIV, ed. S.A. Bludman, R. Mochkovitch, & J. Zinn-Justin (Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland) 489
Nomoto, K., Maeda, K., Umeda, H., Ohkubo, T., Deng, J., & Mazzali, P. 2002, in A Massive Star Odyssey, from Main Sequence to Supernova, Proc. IAU Symposium 212, ed. K.A. van der Hucht, A. Herrero, & C. Esteban (San Francisco: ASP) in press (astro-ph/0209064)
Ostriker, J.P. & Gunn, J.E. 1971, Ap. J. (Letters), 164, L95
Shapiro, S.L. & Teukolsky, S.A. 1983, Black Holes, White Dwarfs, and Neutron Stars. (New York: Wiley)
Plewa, T. & Müller, E. 1999, Astr. Ap., 342, 179
Plewa, T. & Müller, E. 2001, Computer Physics Communications, 138, 101
Popham, R., Woosley, S.E., & Fryer, C.L. 1999, Ap. J., 518, 356
Quirk, J.J. 1994, Int. J. Num. Meth. Fluids, 18, 555
Rampp, M. & Janka, H.-Th. 2000, Ap. J. (Letters), 539, L33
Rampp, M. & Janka, H.-Th. 2002, Astr. Ap., 396, 361
Shimizu, T., Yamada, S., & Sato, K. 1993, Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan, 45, L53
Shimizu, T., Yamada, S., & Sato, K. 1994, Ap. J. (Letters), 432, L119
Shimizu, T.M., Ebisuzaki, T., Sato, K., & Yamada, S. 2001, Ap. J., 552, 756
Stairs, I.H., Thorsett, S.E., Taylor, J.H., & Wolszczan, A. 2002, Ap. J., in press (astro-ph/0208357)
Sumiyoshi, K., Terasawa, M., Mathews, G.J., Kajino, T., Yamada, S., & Suzuki, H. 2001, Ap. J., 562, 880
Swesty, F.D., Lattimer, J.M., & Myra, E.S. 1994, Ap. J., 425, 195
Thompson, C. & Duncan, R.C. 1993, Ap. J., 408, 194
Thompson, C. & Murray, N. 2001, Ap. J., 560, 339
Thompson, T.A., Burrows, A., & Pinto, P.A. 2002, Ap. J., submitted (astro-ph/0211194)
Thorsett, S.E. & Chakrabarty, D. 1999, Ap. J., 512, 288
Thorstensen, J.R., Fesen, R.A., & van den Bergh, S. 2001, Ap. J., 122, 297
Totani, T., Sato, K., Dalhed, H.E., & Wilson, J.R. 1998, Ap. J., 496, 216
Wang, L., Howell, D.A., Höflich, P., & Wheller, J.C. 2001, Ap. J., 550, 1030
Wang, L., Wheeler, J.C., Höflich, P., Khokhlov, A., et al. 2002, Ap. J., in press (astro-ph/0205337)
Wheeler, J.C. 2002, AAPT/AJP Resource Letter, American J. of Physics, in press (astro-ph/0209514)
Wheeler, J.C., Meier, D.L., & Wilson, J.R. 2002, Ap. J., 568, 807
Wheeler, J.C., Yi, I., Höflich, P., & Wang, L. 2000, Ap. J., 537, 810
Wilson, J.R. 1985, in Numerical Astrophysics, ed. J.M. Centrella, J.M. LeBlanc, R.L. Bowers, & J.A. Wheeler (Boston: Jones and Bartlett) 422
Wilson, J.R. & Mayle, R. 1988, Phys. Rep., 163, 63
Wilson, J.R. & Mayle, R. 1993, Phys. Rep., 227, 97
Woosley, S.E. 1993, Ap. J., 405, 273
Woosley, S.E., Heger, A., & Weaver, T.A. 2002, Reviews of Modern Physics, in press
Woosley, S.E., Zhang, W., & Heger, A. 2002, in: From Twilight to Highlight The Physics of Supernovae, ed. W. Hillebrandt & B. Leibundgut (Springer Series “ESO Astrophysics Symposia”, Berlin: Springer) (astro-ph/0211063)
Zhang, W., Woosley, S.E., & MacFadyen, A.I. 2002, Ap. J., submitted (astro-ph/0207436)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Janka, HT., Buras, R., Kifonidis, K., Rampp, M., Plewa, T. (2004). Explosion Mechanisms of Massive Stars. In: Fryer, C.L. (eds) Stellar Collapse. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 302. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48599-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48599-2_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-6567-4
Online ISBN: 978-0-306-48599-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive