Abstract
The idea of the limiting size scale of a miniaturized technology is fundamentally interesting, appealing for several reasons. As sizes are limited to the atomic scale, the relevant physical laws change from the classical to the quantum-mechanical laws of nanophysics. A clear distinction between nanostructures and microstructures is given here arbitrarily using length measurements. Nanostructures are defined according to their geometrical dimensions. This definition addresses technical dimensions, induced by external shaping processes; with the key feature of shaping process, the orientation and the positioning are known in accordance to an external reference system, such as the geometry of a substrate. A narrow definition of nanostructures is that they include structures with at least two dimensions below 100 nm. An extended definition also suggests structures with one dimension below 100 nm and a second dimension below 1 μm. Following this definition, ultrathin layers with lateral submicrometer structure sizes are also considered as nanostructures
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Wolf, E.L.: Nanophysics and Nanotechnology, An Introduction to Modern Concepts in Nanoscience. Wiley, Weinheim (2004)
Kohler, M., Fritzsche, W.: Nanotechnology, An Introduction to Nanostructuring Techniques. Wiley, Weinheim (2004)
Brechignac, C., Houdy, P., Lahmani, M.: Nanomaterials and Nanochemistry. Springer, Germany (2007)
.Shokuhfar, A., Mohebali, M.: Nanostructured Materials in Current Trends in Chemical Engineering. In: Delgado, J.M.P.Q (ed) Studium Press LLC, Houston, USA (2010)
Shokuhfar, A., Momeni, K.: An Introduction to Nanotechnology (In Persian). Nashr Gostar, Tehran (2005)
CaoSeattle, G.: Nanostructures and Nano Materials, Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. Imperial College Press, London (2004)
Patil, K.C., Hegde, M.S., Rattan, T., Aruna, S.T.: Chemistry of Nanocrystalline Oxide Materials Combustion Synthesis Properties and Applications. World Scientific Publishing, Singapore (2008)
Dresselhaus, M.S., Dresselhaus, G., Eklund, P.C.: Science of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes. Academic Press, San Diego (1996)
Tang, Z., Sheng, P.: Nano Science and Technology: Novel Structures and Phenomena. Taylor & Francis, New York (2003)
Poole, C.P., Owense, F.J.: Introduction to Nanotechnology. Wiley, New York (2003)
Koch, C.C., Ovidko, I.A., Seal, S., Veprek, S.: Structural Nanocrystalline Materials Fundamentals and Applications. Cambridge University Press, New York (2007)
Soler-ILLia, G.J. de A.A., Sanchez, C., Lebeau, B., Patarin, J.: Chem. Rev. 102, 4093 (2002)
Galarneau, A., Di Renzo, F., Fajula, F., Vedrine, J.: Zeolites and Mesoporous, Materials at the Dawn of the 21st Century. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2001)
Yang, P.: Chemistry of Nanostructured Material. World Scientific Publishing, Singapore (2003)
Cantor, B.: Novel Nanocrystalline Alloys and Magnetic Nanomaterials. IOP Publishing Ltd, Bristol (2005)
Stroscio, M.A., Dutta, M.: Phonons in Nanostructures. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2004)
Schmid, G.: Nanoparticles from Theory to Applications. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA, Weinheim (2004)
Nalwa, H.S.: Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology. Academic Press, San Diego (2000)
Kotlensky, W.V.: Chem. Phys. Carbon 9, 173 (1973)
Ajayan, P.M., Schadler, L.S., Braun, P.V.: Nanocomposite Science and Technology. Wiley, New York (2003)
Dupel, P., Bourrat, X., Pailler, R.: Carbon 33, 1193 (1995)
Caseri, W.: Macromol. Rapid Commun. 21, 705 (2000)
Tjong, S.C.: Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Composites. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim (2009)
Gusev, A.I., Rempel, A.A.: Nanocrystalline Materials. Cambridge International Science Publishing, Cambridge (2004)
Bucher, J.P., Douglas, D.C., Bloomfield, L.A.: Phys. Rev. Let. 66, 3052 (1991)
Frankel, J., Dorfinan, J.: Nature 126, 274 (1930)
Kittel, C.: Phys. Rev. 70, 965 (1946)
Heukelom, W., Broeder, J.J., van Reijen, L.L.: J. Chim. Phys. 51, 474 (1954)
Bean, C.P., Jacobs, I.S.: Magnetic granulometry and super paramagnetism. J. Appl. Phys. 27, 1448 (1956)
Bruus, H.: Introduction to Nanotechnology. Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby (2004)
Bower, C., Zhu, W., Jin, S., Zhou, 0.: Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 830 (2000)
Lobo, R.F., Pan, M., Chan, I., Zones, S.I., Crozier, P.A., Davis, M.E.: 1 Phys. Chem. 98, 12040 (1994)
Koch, C.C.: Nanostructured Materials, Processing Properties and Potential Applications. Noyes Publications, Bracknell (2002)
Suryanarayana, C.: Prog. Mater Sci. 46, 1–184 (2000)
Suryanarayana, C.: Bibliography on Mechanical Alloying and Milling. Cambridge International Science Publishing, Cambridge (1995)
Eckert, J., Holzer, J.C., Krill, C.E., Johnson, W.L.: Reversible grain size changes in ball-milled nanocrystalline Fe-Cu alloys. J. Mater. Res. 7(8), 1980–1983 (1992)
Koch, C.C.: The synthesis and structure of nanocrystalline materials produced by mechanical attrition: A review. Nanostructured Mater. 2(2), 109–129 (1993)
Corriu, R., Anh, N.T.: Molecular Chemistry of Sol–Gel derived Nanomaterials. Wiley, New York, (2009)
Kelsall, R.W., Hamley, I.W., Geoghegan, M.: Nanoscale Science and Technology. Wiley, New York (2005)
Lee, W.E., Rainforth, W.M.: Ceramic Microstructures, Property control by Processing. Chapman & Hall, London (1994)
Jones, R.W.: Fundamental Principles of Sol-Gel Technology. The Institute of Metals, London (1989)
Brinker, C.J.: Sol-Gel Science, the Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel Processing. Academic Press, London (1990)
Birdi, K.S.: Handbook of Surface and Colloid Chemistry, 2nd edn. CRC Press, New York (2003)
Sakka, S.: Handbook of Sol Gel Science and Technology. Kluwer Academic Publisher, Boston (2001)
Klein, L.C.: Sol Gel Technology for Thin films, Fibers, Preforms, Electronics and Specialty Shapes. Noyes Publications, New Jersey (1998)
Rezaie, H.R., Rahimi, R.M., Nemati, A., Samadani, M.: Synthesis of Al2O3-SiC nanocomposite by sol-gel method and effect of TiO2 on sintering. In: DLS Conference, Paris (2010)
Hajiali, H., Karbasi, S., Hosseinalipour, S.M., Rezaie, H.R.: Preparation of a novel biodegradable nanocomposite scaffold based on poly (3-hydroxybutyrate)/bioglass nanoparticles for bone tissue engineering. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 21, 2125–2132 (2010)
Aminzare, M., Mazaheri, M., Golestani-Fard, F., Rezaie, H.R., Ejeian, R.: Sintering behavior of nano alumina powder shaped by pressure filtration. Ceram. Int. 37, 9–14 (2011)
Aminzare, M., Golestani-Fard, F., Guillon, O., Mazaheri, M., Rezaie, H.R.: Sintering behavior of an ultrafine alumina powder shaped by pressure filtration and dry pressing. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 527, 3807–3812 (2010)
Zargar, H.R., Bayati, M.R., Rezaie, H.R., Golestani-Fard, F., Molaei, R., Zanganeh, S., Kajbafvala, A.: Influence of nano boehmite on solid state reaction of alumina and magnesia. J. Alloy. Compd. 507(2), 443–447 (2010)
Ebrahimi Basabi, M., Javadpour, J., Rezaie, H.R., Goodarzi, M.: Mechanochemical synthesis of alumina-zirconia nanocomposite powder. Adv. Appl. Ceram. 107(6), 318–321 (2008)
Ebrahimi Basabi, M., Javadpour, J., Rezaie, H.R., Goodarzi, M.: Mechanochemical Synthesis of alumina nano particles. Iran. J. Mater. Sci. Eng. 6(1), 26–30 (2009)
Yazdani, A., Rezaie, H.R., Ghassai, H.: Investigation of hydrothermal synthesis of wollastonite using silica and nano silica at different pressures. J. Ceram. Process. Res. 11(3), 348–353 (2010)
Zadegan, S., Hossainalipour, M., Ghassai, H., Rezaie, H.R., Naimi-Jamal, M.R.: Synthesis of cellulose-nanohydroxyapatite composite in 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. Ceram. Int. 36(8), 2375–2381 (2010)
Zadegan, S., Hosseinalipour, S.M., Rezaie, H.R. Naimi Jmal, M.R.: Synthesis cellulose-nano hydroxyapaptite composite in 1-N-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. In: 2nd International Conference on Ultrafine grained and Nanostructured Materials, Nov. 14–15, Tehran, Iran (2009)
Bakhtiari, L., Rezaie, H.R., Hosseinalipour, S.M., Shokrgozar, M.A.: Preparation of porous biphasic calcium phosphate-gelatin nanocomposite for bone tissue engineering. J. Nano Res. 11, 67–72 (2010)
Bakhtiari, L., Hosseinalipour, S.M., Rezaie, H.R.: Effect of Gelatin amount on properties of nano-BCP/Gel scaffolds. In: 2nd International Conference on Ultrafine grained and Nanostructured Materials, Nov. 14–15, Tehran, Iran (2009)
Bakhtiari, L., Rezaie, H.R., Hosseinalipour, S.M., Shokrgozar, M.A.: Investigation of biphasic calcium phosphate/gelatin nanocomposite scaffolds as bone tissue engineering. Ceram. Int. 36(8), 2421–2426 (2010)
Nouri, E., Shahmiri, M., Sadeghian, Z., Rezaie, H.R., Vaghari, H.: Effects of thermal treatment on the crystal structure, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of zirconia and zirconia-alumina nano coatings. In: International Conference on Materials Heat Treatment (ICMH), Isfahan, Iran (2010)
Sobhani, M., Rezaie, H.R., Naghizadeh, R.: Sol–gel synthesis of aluminum titanate (Al2TiO5) nano-particles. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 206, 282–285 (2008)
Ardestani, M., Arabi, H., Razavizadeh, H., Rezaie, H.R., Jankovic, B., Mentus, S.: An investigation about the activation energies of the reduction transitions of fine dispersed CuWO4-x/WO3-x oxide powders. Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 28, 383–387 (2010)
Ardestani, M., Rezaie, H.R., Arabi, H., Razavizadeh, H.: The effect of sintering temperature on densification of nanoscale dispersed W–20–40%wt Cu composite powders. Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 27, 862–867 (2009)
Ardestani, M., Arabi, H., Razavizadeh, H., Rezaie, H.R., Mehrjoo, H.: Synthesis of WC-20 wt% Cu composite powders using co-precipitation and carburization process. Mater. Sci. Pol. 28(2), 413–420 (2010)
Ardestani, M., Razavizadeh, H., Arabi, H.: HR> Rezaie, Preparation and sintering of W-20 %wt Cu composite powders produced by co-precipitation method. Iran. J. Mater. Sci. Eng. 6(2), 24–29 (2009)
Ardestani, M., Arabi, H., Rezaie, H.R., Razavizadeh, H.: Synthesis and densification of W–30 wt% Cu composite powders using ammonium meta tungstate and copper nitrate as precursors. Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 27, 796–800 (2009)
Nazarian Samani, M., Shokuhfar, A., Kamali, A.R., Hadi, M.: Production of a nanocrystalline Ni3Al-based alloy using mechanical alloying. J. Alloy. Compd. 500(1), 30–33 (2010)
Rezvani, M.R., Shokuhfar, A.: Synthesis and characterization of nano structured Cu-Al-Mn shape memory alloy by mechanical alloying. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 532, 282–286 (2012)
Ghadimi, M., Shokuhfar, A., Rostami, H.R., Ghaffaric, M.: Effects of milling and annealing on formation and structural characterization of nanocrystalline intermetallic compounds from Ni–Ti elemental powders. Mater. Lett. 80, 181–183 (2012)
Shokuhfar, A., Zare-Shahabadi, A., Atai, A., Ebrahimi-Nejada, S., Termeha, M.: Predictive modeling of creep in polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites. Polym. Test. 31(2), 345–354 (2012)
Knauth, P., Schoonman, J.: Nanostructured Materials Selected Synthesis Methods, Properties and Applications. Kluwer Academic Publisher, New York (2004)
Theodore, L., Kunz, R.G.: Nanotechnology, Environmental Implications and Solutions. Wiley, New York (2005)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rezaie, H.R., Shokuhfar, A., Arianpour, F. (2012). Nanocomposite Materials from Theory to Application. In: Öchsner, A., Shokuhfar, A. (eds) New Frontiers of Nanoparticles and Nanocomposite Materials. Advanced Structured Materials, vol 4. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/8611_2012_66
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/8611_2012_66
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-14696-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-14697-8
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)