Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Vaccines for Staphylococcus aureus and Target Populations

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Staphylococcus aureus

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 409))

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is a leading pathogen in surgical site, intensive care unit, and skin infections, as well as healthcare-associated pneumonias. These infections are associated with an enormous burden of morbidity, mortality, and increase of hospital length of stay and patient cost. S. aureus is impressively fast in acquiring antibiotic resistance, and multidrug-resistant strains are a serious threat to human health. Due to resistance or insufficient effectiveness, antibiotics and bundle measures leave a tremendous unmet medical need worldwide. There are no licensed vaccines on the market despite the significant efforts done by public and private initiatives. Indeed, vaccines tested in clinical trials in the last two decades have failed to show efficacy. However, they targeted single antigens and contained no adjuvants and efficacy trials were performed in severely ill subjects. Herein, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of potential target populations for efficacy trials taking into account key factors such as population size, incidence of S. aureus infection, disease outcome, primary endpoints, as well as practical advantages and disadvantages. We describe the whole-blood assay as a potential surrogate of protection, and we show the link between phase III clinical trial data of failed vaccines with their preclinical observations. Finally, we give our perspective on how new vaccine formulations and clinical development approaches may lead to successful S. aureus vaccines.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

BSI:

Bloodstream infection

CA:

Community acquired

CAI:

Community acquired infection

CA-SSTI:

Community acquired skin and soft tissue infection

ClfA:

Clumping factor A

CP:

Capsular polysaccharide

Csa1A:

Conserved staphylococcal antigen 1A

CT:

Cardiothoracic

EPA:

Enterotoxin protein A

ESRD:

End-stage renal disease

EsxAB:

Ess extracellular A and B

FhuD2:

Ferric hydroxamate uptake D2

HA:

Hospital acquired

HAI:

Hospital acquired infection

HCA:

Healthcare associated

Hla:

Alpha hemolysin

HlgAB/ HlgCB:

Gamma hemolysin AB/CB

LukED:

Leukocidins E and D

ICU:

Intensive care unit

IsdB:

Iron-surface determinant B

MntABC:

ATP-binding cassette (ABC)

MntC:

Manganese transport protein C

MRSA:

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

MSSA:

Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus

NEAT:

NEAr iron transporter

NS:

Neurosurgical

OP:

Orthopaedic

OPA:

Opsonophagocytic Assay

PMN:

Polymorphonuclear cells

PVL:

Panton–Valentine leukocidin

SA-SSTI:

Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infection

SpA:

Staphylococcal protein A

SSI:

Surgical site infection

SSTI:

Skin and soft tissue infection

Th1:

T helper cell 1

Th17:

T helper cell 17

TLR7:

Toll-like receptor 7

TT:

Tetanus toxoid

WBA:

Whole-blood assay

References

  • Adhikari RP, Kort T, Shulenin S, Kanipakala T, Ganjbaksh N, Roghmann MC, Holtsberg FW, Aman MJ (2015) Antibodies to S. aureus LukS-PV attenuated subunit vaccine neutralize a broad spectrum of canonical and non-canonical bicomponent leukotoxin pairs. PLoS ONE 10:e0137874

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alonzo F 3rd, Torres VJ (2014) The bicomponent pore-forming leucocidins of Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 78:199–230

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alonzo F 3rd, Benson MA, Chen J, Novick RP, Shopsin B, Torres VJ (2012) Staphylococcus aureus leucocidin ED contributes to systemic infection by targeting neutrophils and promoting bacterial growth in vivo. Mol Microbiol 83:423–435

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aman MJ, Adhikari RP (2014) Staphylococcal bicomponent pore-forming toxins: targets for prophylaxis and immunotherapy. Toxins (Basel) 6:950–972

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson DJ, Arduino JM, Reed SD, Sexton DJ, Kaye KS, Grussemeyer CA, Peter SA, Hardy C, Choi YI, Friedman JY, Fowler VG Jr (2010) Variation in the type and frequency of postoperative invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections according to type of surgical procedure. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 31:701–709

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson AS, Scully IL, Timofeyeva Y, Murphy E, McNeil LK, Mininni T, Nunez L, Carriere M, Singer C, Dilts DA, Jansen KU (2012) Staphylococcus aureus manganese transport protein C is a highly conserved cell surface protein that elicits protective immunity against S. aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Infect Dis 205:1688–1696

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Anguzu JR, Olila D (2007) Drug sensitivity patterns of bacterial isolates from septic post-operative wounds in a regional referral hospital in Uganda. Afr Health Sci 7:148–154

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (2013) European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Surveillance of surgical site infections in Europe 2010–2011. ECDC, Stockholm

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control/European Medicines Agency (ECDC/EMEA) (2009) Joint technical reportn the bacterial challenge: time to react. ECDC/EMEA, Stockholm. Available from: http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/0909_TER_The_Bacterial_Challenge_Time_to_React.pdf

  • Arrecubieta C, Matsunaga I, Asai T, Naka Y, Deng MC, Lowy FD (2008) Vaccination with clumping factor A and fibronectin binding protein A to prevent Staphylococcus aureus infection of an aortic patch in mice. J Infect Dis 198:571–575

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bagnoli F, Bertholet S, Grandi G (2012) Inferring reasons for the failure of Staphylococcus aureus vaccines in clinical trials. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2:16

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bagnoli F, Fontana MR, Soldaini E, Mishra RP, Fiaschi L, Cartocci E, Nardi-Dei V, Ruggiero P, Nosari S, De Falco MG, Lofano G, Marchi S, Galletti B, Mariotti P, Bacconi M, Torre A, Maccari S, Scarselli M, Rinaudo CD, Inoshima N, Savino S, Mori E, Rossi-Paccani S, Baudner B, Pallaoro M, Swennen E, Petracca R, Brettoni C, Liberatori S, Norais N, Monaci E, Bubeck Wardenburg J, Schneewind O, O’Hagan DT, Valiante NM, Bensi G, Bertholet S, De Gregorio E, Rappuoli R, Grandi G (2015) Vaccine composition formulated with a novel TLR7-dependent adjuvant induces high and broad protection against Staphylococcus aureus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112:3680–3685

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Berube BJ, Bubeck Wardenburg J (2013) Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin: nearly a century of intrigue. Toxins (Basel) 5:1140–1166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhakdi S, Tranum-Jensen J (1991) Alpha-toxin of Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Rev 55:733–751

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bieber T (2008) Atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med 358:1483–1494

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boyle-Vavra S, Li X, Alam MT, Read TD, Sieth J, Cywes-Bentley C, Dobbins G, David MZ, Kumar N, Eells SJ, Miller LG, Boxrud DJ, Chambers HF, Lynfield R, Lee JC, Daum RS (2015) USA300 and USA500 clonal lineages of Staphylococcus aureus do not produce a capsular polysaccharide due to conserved mutations in the cap5 locus. mBio 6

    Google Scholar 

  • Burts ML, Williams WA, DeBord K, Missiakas DM (2005) EsxA and EsxB are secreted by an ESAT-6-like system that is required for the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:1169–1174

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carr DD (2009) Building collaborative partnerships in critical care: the RN case manager/social work dyad in critical care. Prof Case Manag 14:121–132; quiz 133–124

    Google Scholar 

  • CDC (2013) Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States

    Google Scholar 

  • Chambers HF, Deleo FR (2009) Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era. Nat Rev Microbiol 7:629–641

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chan KE, Warren HS, Thadhani RI, Steele DJ, Hymes JL, Maddux FW, Hakim RM (2012) Prevalence and outcomes of antimicrobial treatment for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in outpatients with ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol 23:1551–1559

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chastre J, Fagon J-Y (2002) Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165:867–903

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Almeida AA, Mitnovetski S, Goldstein J, Lowe C, Smith JA (2008) Managing deep sternal wound infections with vacuum-assisted closure. ANZ J Surg 78:333–336

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen AE, Cantey JB, Carroll KC, Ross T, Speser S, Siberry GK (2009) Discordance between Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization and skin infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 28:244–246

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng AG, Kim HK, Burts ML, Krausz T, Schneewind O, Missiakas DM (2009) Genetic requirements for Staphylococcus aureus abscess formation and persistence in host tissues. FASEB J 23:3393–3404

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chi SY, Kim TO, Park CW, Yu JY, Lee B, Lee HS, Kim YI, Lim SC, Kwon YS (2012) Bacterial pathogens of ventilator associated pneumonia in a tertiary referral hospital. Tuberc Respir Dis 73:32–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cho JS, Pietras EM, Garcia NC, Ramos RI, Farzam DM, Monroe HR, Magorien JE, Blauvelt A, Kolls JK, Cheung AL, Cheng G, Modlin RL, Miller LS (2010) IL-17 is essential for host defense against cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus infection in mice. J Clin Invest 120:1762–1773

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chung DR, Song J-H, Kim SH, Thamlikitkul V, Huang S-G, Wang H, So TM-k, Yasin RMD, Hsueh P-R, Carlos CC, Hsu LY, Buntaran L, Lalitha MK, Kim MJ, Choi JY, Kim SI, Ko KS, Kang C-I, Peck KR (2011) High prevalence of multidrug-resistant nonfermenters in hospital-acquired pneumonia in Asia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 184:1409–1417

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke SR, Brummell KJ, Horsburgh MJ, McDowell PW, Mohamad SA, Stapleton MR, Acevedo J, Read RC, Day NP, Peacock SJ, Mond JJ, Kokai-Kun JF, Foster SJ (2006) Identification of in vivo-expressed antigens of Staphylococcus aureus and their use in vaccinations for protection against nasal carriage. J Infect Dis 193:1098–1108

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cook J, Hepler R, Pancari G, Kuklin N, Fan H, Wang XM, Cope L, Tan C, Joyce J, Onishi J, Montgomery D, Anderson A, McNeely T (2009) Staphylococcus aureus capsule type 8 antibodies provide inconsistent efficacy in murine models of staphylococcal infection. Hum Vaccin 5:254–263

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Creech CB, Al-Zubeidi DN, Fritz SA (2015) Prevention of recurrent staphylococcal skin infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 29:429–464

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Crowley L, Wilson J, Guy R, Pitcher D, Fluck R (2012) Chapter 12 Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia amongst patients receiving dialysis for established renal failure in England in 2009 to 2011: a joint report from the Health Protection Agency and the UK Renal Registry. Nephron Clin Pract 120(Suppl 1):c233–c245

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Agata EM, Webb GF, Horn MA, Moellering RC Jr, Ruan S (2009) Modeling the invasion of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus into hospitals. Clin Infect Dis 48:274–284

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dandagi GL (2010) Nosocomial pneumonia in critically ill patients. Lung India 27:149–153 (Official Organ of Indian Chest Society)

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Daum RS, Spellberg B (2012) Progress toward a Staphylococcus aureus vaccine. Clin Infect Dis 54:560–567

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • David MZ, Daum RS (2010) Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology and clinical consequences of an emerging epidemic. Clin Microbiol Rev 23:616–687

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dayan GH, Mohamed N, Scully IL, Cooper D, Begier E, Eiden J, Jansen KU, Gurtman A, Anderson AS (2016) Staphylococcus aureus: the current state of disease, pathophysiology and strategies for prevention. Expert Rev Vaccines. doi:10.1080/14760584.2016.1179583:1-20

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Del Pozo JL, Patel R (2009) Clinical practice. Infection associated with prosthetic joints. N Engl J Med 361:787–794

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • DeLeo FR, Kennedy AD, Chen L, Bubeck Wardenburg J, Kobayashi SD, Mathema B, Braughton KR, Whitney AR, Villaruz AE, Martens CA, Porcella SF, McGavin MJ, Otto M, Musser JM, Kreiswirth BN (2011) Molecular differentiation of historic phage-type 80/81 and contemporary epidemic Staphylococcus aureus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:18091–18096

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA, Schmitz FJ, Smayevsky J, Bell J, Jones RN, Beach M, Group SP (2001) Survey of infections due to Staphylococcus species: frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates collected in the United States, Canada, Latin America, Europe, and the Western Pacific region for the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997–1999. Clin Infect Dis 32(Suppl 2):S114–S132

    Google Scholar 

  • Dryla A, Prustomersky S, Gelbmann D, Hanner M, Bettinger E, Kocsis B, Kustos T, Henics T, Meinke A, Nagy E (2005) Comparison of antibody repertoires against Staphylococcus aureus in healthy individuals and in acutely infected patients. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 12:387–398

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • DuMont AL, Torres VJ (2014) Cell targeting by the Staphylococcus aureus pore-forming toxins: it’s not just about lipids. Trends Microbiol 22:21–27

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dumont AL, Nygaard TK, Watkins RL, Smith A, Kozhaya L, Kreiswirth BN, Shopsin B, Unutmaz D, Voyich JM, Torres VJ (2011) Characterization of a new cytotoxin that contributes to Staphylococcus aureus pathogenesis. Mol Microbiol 79:814–825

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duong M, Markwell S, Peter J, Barenkamp S (2010) Randomized, controlled trial of antibiotics in the management of community-acquired skin abscesses in the pediatric patient. Ann Emerg Med 55:401–407

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis MW, Schlett CD, Millar EV, Wilkins KJ, Crawford KB, Morrison-Rodriguez SM, Pacha LA, Gorwitz RJ, Lanier JB, Tribble DR (2014) Hygiene strategies to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections: a cluster-randomized controlled trial among high-risk military trainees. Clin Infect Dis 58:1540–1548

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fattom A, Schneerson R, Watson DC, Karakawa WW, Fitzgerald D, Pastan I, Li X, Shiloach J, Bryla DA, Robbins JB (1993) Laboratory and clinical evaluation of conjugate vaccines composed of Staphylococcus aureus type 5 and type 8 capsular polysaccharides bound to Pseudomonas aeruginosa recombinant exoprotein A. Infect Immun 61:1023–1032

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fattom AI, Sarwar J, Ortiz A, Naso R (1996) A Staphylococcus aureus capsular polysaccharide (CP) vaccine and CP-specific antibodies protect mice against bacterial challenge. Infect Immun 64:1659–1665

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fattom AI, Horwith G, Fuller S, Propst M, Naso R (2004) Development of StaphVAX, a polysaccharide conjugate vaccine against S. aureus infection: from the lab bench to phase III clinical trials. Vaccine 22:880–887

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fattom A, Matalon A, Buerkert J, Taylor K, Damaso S, Boutriau D (2015) Efficacy profile of a bivalent Staphylococcus aureus glycoconjugated vaccine in adults on hemodialysis: Phase III randomized study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 11:632–641

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald SF, O’Gorman J, Morris-Downes MM, Crowley RK, Donlon S, Bajwa R, Smyth EG, Fitzpatrick F, Conlon PJ, Humphreys H (2011) A 12-year review of Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections in haemodialysis patients: more work to be done. J Hosp Infect 79:218–221

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler VG, Allen KB, Moreira ED, Moustafa M, Isgro F, Boucher HW, Corey GR, Carmeli Y, Betts R, Hartzel JS, Chan IS, McNeely TB, Kartsonis NA, Guris D, Onorato MT, Smugar SS, DiNubile MJ, Sobanjo-ter Meulen A (2013) Effect of an investigational vaccine for preventing Staphylococcus aureus infections after cardiothoracic surgery: a randomized trial. JAMA 309:1368–1378

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fridkin SK, Hageman JC, Morrison M, Sanza LT, Como-Sabetti K, Jernigan JA, Harriman K, Harrison LH, Lynfield R, Farley MM (2005) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease in three communities. N Engl J Med 352:1436–1444

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fritz SA, Hogan PG, Hayek G, Eisenstein KA, Rodriguez M, Epplin EK, Garbutt J, Fraser VJ (2012) Household versus individual approaches to eradication of community-associated Staphylococcus aureus in children: a randomized trial. Clin Infect Dis 54:743–751

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frydenberg AR, Buttery JP, Royle J (2005) Determining the rate of varicella vaccine rash in children with moderate-severe eczema. J Paediatr Child Health 41:561–563

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaudin CF, Grigg JC, Arrieta AL, Murphy ME (2011) Unique heme-iron coordination by the hemoglobin receptor IsdB of Staphylococcus aureus. Biochemistry 50:5443–5452

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Goss MA, Beninger PR (2005) Eczema and postvaccination varicella breakthrough. Pediatrics 116:1613

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guilarde AO, Turchi MD, Martelli CM, Primo MG (2006) Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: incidence, risk factors and predictors for death in a Brazilian teaching hospital. J Hosp Infect 63:330–336

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hair PS, Echague CG, Sholl AM, Watkins JA, Geoghegan JA, Foster TJ, Cunnion KM (2010) Clumping factor A interaction with complement factor I increases C3b cleavage on the bacterial surface of Staphylococcus aureus and decreases complement-mediated phagocytosis. Infect Immun 78:1717–1727

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hall AE, Domanski PJ, Patel PR, Vernachio JH, Syribeys PJ, Gorovits EL, Johnson MA, Ross JM, Hutchins JT, Patti JM (2003) Characterization of a protective monoclonal antibody recognizing Staphylococcus aureus MSCRAMM protein clumping factor A. Infect Immun 71:6864–6870

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Handke LD, Hawkins JC, Miller AA, Jansen KU, Anderson AS (2013) Regulation of Staphylococcus aureus MntC expression and its role in response to oxidative stress. PLoS ONE 8:e77874

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Harrington G, Russo P, Spelman D, Borrell S, Watson K, Barr W, Martin R, Edmonds D, Cocks J, Greenbough J, Lowe J, Randle L, Castell J, Browne E, Bellis K, Aberline M (2004) Surgical-site infection rates and risk factor analysis in coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 25:472–476

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harro C, Betts R, Orenstein W, Kwak EJ, Greenberg HE, Onorato MT, Hartzel J, Lipka J, DiNubile MJ, Kartsonis N (2010) Safety and immunogenicity of a novel Staphylococcus aureus vaccine: results from the first study of the vaccine dose range in humans. Clin Vaccine Immunol 17:1868–1874

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Harro CD, Betts RF, Hartzel JS, Onorato MT, Lipka J, Smugar SS, Kartsonis NA (2012) The immunogenicity and safety of different formulations of a novel Staphylococcus aureus vaccine (V710): results of two Phase I studies. Vaccine 30:1729–1736

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins J, Kodali S, Matsuka YV, McNeil LK, Mininni T, Scully IL, Vernachio JH, Severina E, Girgenti D, Jansen KU, Anderson AS, Donald RG (2012) A recombinant clumping factor A-containing vaccine induces functional antibodies to Staphylococcus aureus that are not observed after natural exposure. Clin Vaccine Immunol 19:1641–1650

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hidron AI, Edwards JR, Patel J, Horan TC, Sievert DM, Pollock DA, Fridkin SK (2008) NHSN annual update: antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: annual summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006–2007. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 29:996–1011

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill PC, Birch M, Chambers S, Drinkovic D, Ellis-Pegler RB, Everts R, Murdoch D, Pottumarthy S, Roberts SA, Swager C, Taylor SL, Thomas MG, Wong CG, Morris AJ (2001) Prospective study of 424 cases of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: determination of factors affecting incidence and mortality. Intern Med J 31:97–103

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ibler KS, Kromann CB (2014) Recurrent furunculosis–challenges and management: a review. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 7:59–64

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Inoshima I, Inoshima N, Wilke GA, Powers ME, Frank KM, Wang Y, Bubeck Wardenburg J (2011) A Staphylococcus aureus pore-forming toxin subverts the activity of ADAM10 to cause lethal infection in mice. Nat Med 17:1310–1314

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Iribarne A, Easterwood R, Russo MJ, Wang YC, Yang J, Hong KN, Smith CR, Argenziano M (2011) A minimally invasive approach is more cost-effective than a traditional sternotomy approach for mitral valve surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 142:1507–1514

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jones RN (2010) Microbial etiologies of hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 51:S81–S87

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Josefsson E, Hartford O, O’Brien L, Patti JM, Foster T (2001) Protection against experimental Staphylococcus aureus arthritis by vaccination with clumping factor A, a novel virulence determinant. J Infect Dis 184:1572–1580

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan SL, Forbes A, Hammerman WA, Lamberth L, Hulten KG, Minard CG, Mason EO (2014) Randomized trial of “Bleach Baths” plus routine hygienic measures vs routine hygienic measures alone for prevention of recurrent infections. Clin Infect Dis 58:679–682

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karauzum H, Adhikari RP, Sarwar J, Devi VS, Abaandou L, Haudenschild C, Mahmoudieh M, Boroun AR, Vu H, Nguyen T, Warfield KL, Shulenin S, Aman MJ (2013) Structurally designed attenuated subunit vaccines for S. aureus LukS-PV and LukF-PV confer protection in a mouse bacteremia model. PLoS ONE 8:e65384

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kawate T, Gouaux E (2003) Arresting and releasing Staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin at intermediate stages of pore formation by engineered disulfide bonds. Protein Sci 12:997–1006

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kienast AK, Kreth HW, Hoger PH (2007) Varicella vaccination in children with atopic eczema. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 5:875–880

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim HK, Cheng AG, Kim HY, Missiakas DM, Schneewind O (2010) Nontoxigenic protein A vaccine for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in mice. J Exp Med 207:1863–1870

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kim HK, Falugi F, Thomer L, Missiakas DM, Schneewind O (2015) Protein A suppresses immune responses during Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection in guinea pigs. mBio 6

    Google Scholar 

  • Kollef MH, Shorr A, Tabak YP, Gupta V, Liu LZ, Johannes RS (2005) Epidemiology and outcomes of health-care-associated pneumonia: results from a large US database of culture-positive pneumonia. Chest 128:3854–3862

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Korea CG, Balsamo G, Pezzicoli A, Merakou C, Tavarini S, Bagnoli F, Serruto D, Unnikrishnan M (2014) Staphylococcal Esx proteins modulate apoptosis and release of intracellular Staphylococcus aureus during infection in epithelial cells. Infect Immun 82:4144–4153

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koulenti D, Lisboa T, Brun-Buisson C, Krueger W, Macor A, Sole-Violan J, Diaz E, Topeli A, DeWaele J, Carneiro A, Martin-Loeches I, Armaganidis A, Rello J, Group E-VCS (2009) Spectrum of practice in the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in patients requiring mechanical ventilation in European intensive care units. Crit Care Med 37:2360–2368

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuklin NA, Clark DJ, Secore S, Cook J, Cope LD, McNeely T, Noble L, Brown MJ, Zorman JK, Wang XM, Pancari G, Fan H, Isett K, Burgess B, Bryan J, Brownlow M, George H, Meinz M, Liddell ME, Kelly R, Schultz L, Montgomery D, Onishi J, Losada M, Martin M, Ebert T, Tan CY, Schofield TL, Nagy E, Meineke A, Joyce JG, Kurtz MB, Caulfield MJ, Jansen KU, McClements W, Anderson AS (2006) A novel Staphylococcus aureus vaccine: iron surface determinant B induces rapid antibody responses in rhesus macaques and specific increased survival in a murine S. aureus sepsis model. Infect Immun 74:2215–2223

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kwiecinski J, Jin T, Josefsson E (2014) Surface proteins of Staphylococcus aureus play an important role in experimental skin infection. APMIS 122:1240–1250

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lancefield RC (1957) Differentiation of group A streptococci with a common R antigen into three serological types, with special reference to the bactericidal test. J Exp Med 106:525–544

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lee BY, Wiringa AE, Bailey RR, Lewis GJ, Feura J, Muder RR (2010) Staphylococcus aureus vaccine for orthopedic patients: an economic model and analysis. Vaccine 28:2465–2471

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Levy J, Licini L, Haelterman E, Moris P, Lestrate P, Damaso S, Van Belle P, Boutriau D (2015) Safety and immunogenicity of an investigational 4-component Staphylococcus aureus vaccine with or without AS03B adjuvant: Results of a randomized phase I trial. Hum Vaccin Immunother 11:620–631

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lorette G, Beaulieu P, Allaert FA, Mahmoudi A, Jarlier V (2009) Superficial community-acquired skin infections: prevalence of bacteria and antibiotic susceptibility in France. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 23:1423–1426

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Magill SS, Edwards JR, Bamberg W, Beldavs ZG, Dumyati G, Kainer MA, Lynfield R, Maloney M, McAllister-Hollod L, Nadle J, Ray SM, Thompson DL, Wilson LE, Fridkin SK, Emerging Infections Program Healthcare-Associated I, Antimicrobial Use Prevalence Survey T (2014) Multistate point-prevalence survey of health care-associated infections. N Engl J Med 370:1198–1208

    Google Scholar 

  • Marin M, Nguyen HQ, Keen J, Jumaan AO, Mellen PM, Hayes EB, Gensheimer KF, Gunderman-King J, Seward JF (2005) Importance of catch-up vaccination: experience from a varicella outbreak, Maine, 2002–2003. Pediatrics 115:900–905

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mariotti P, Malito E, Biancucci M, Lo Surdo P, Mishra RP, Nardi-Dei V, Savino S, Nissum M, Spraggon G, Grandi G, Bagnoli F, Bottomley MJ (2013) Structural and functional characterization of the Staphylococcus aureus virulence factor and vaccine candidate FhuD2. Biochem J 449:683–693

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mawalla B, Mshana SE, Chalya PL, Imirzalioglu C, Mahalu W (2011) Predictors of surgical site infections among patients undergoing major surgery at Bugando Medical Centre in Northwestern Tanzania. BMC Surg 11:21

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mazmanian SK, Skaar EP, Gaspar AH, Humayun M, Gornicki P, Jelenska J, Joachmiak A, Missiakas DM, Schneewind O (2003) Passage of heme-iron across the envelope of Staphylococcus aureus. Science 299:906–909

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McAdow M, Kim HK, Dedent AC, Hendrickx AP, Schneewind O, Missiakas DM (2011) Preventing Staphylococcus aureus sepsis through the inhibition of its agglutination in blood. PLoS Pathog 7:e1002307

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McDevitt D, Francois P, Vaudaux P, Foster TJ (1994) Molecular characterization of the clumping factor (fibrinogen receptor) of Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Microbiol 11:237–248

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McNeely TB, Shah NA, Fridman A, Joshi A, Hartzel JS, Keshari RS, Lupu F, DiNubile MJ (2014) Mortality among recipients of the Merck V710 Staphylococcus aureus vaccine after postoperative S. aureus infections: an analysis of possible contributing host factors. Hum Vaccin Immunother 10:3513–3516

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Miller LS, Cho JS (2011) Immunity against Staphylococcus aureus cutaneous infections. Nat Rev Immunol 11:505–518

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller LG, Quan C, Shay A, Mostafaie K, Bharadwa K, Tan N, Matayoshi K, Cronin J, Tan J, Tagudar G, Bayer AS (2007) A prospective investigation of outcomes after hospital discharge for endemic, community-acquired methicillin-resistant and -susceptible Staphylococcus aureus skin infection. Clin Infect Dis 44:483–492

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller LG, Eells SJ, David MZ, Ortiz N, Taylor AR, Kumar N, Cruz D, Boyle-Vavra S, Daum RS (2015) Staphylococcus aureus skin infection recurrences among household members: an examination of host, behavioral, and pathogen-level predictors. Clin Infect Dis 60:753–763

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra RP, Mariotti P, Fiaschi L, Nosari S, Maccari S, Liberatori S, Fontana MR, Pezzicoli A, De Falco MG, Falugi F, Altindis E, Serruto D, Grandi G, Bagnoli F (2012a) Staphylococcus aureus FhuD2 is involved in the early phase of staphylococcal dissemination and generates protective immunity in mice. J Infect Dis 206:1041–1049

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra RP, Oviedo-Orta E, Prachi P, Rappuoli R, Bagnoli F (2012b) Vaccines and antibiotic resistance. Curr Opin Microbiol 15:596–602

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moet GJ, Jones RN, Biedenbach DJ, Stilwell MG, Fritsche TR (2007) Contemporary causes of skin and soft tissue infections in North America, Latin America, and Europe: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1998–2004). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 57:7–13

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monaci E, Mancini F, Lofano G, Bacconi M, Tavarini S, Sammicheli C, Arcidiacono L, Giraldi M, Galletti B, Rossi Paccani S, Torre A, Fontana MR, Grandi G, de Gregorio E, Bensi G, Chiarot E, Nuti S, Bagnoli F, Soldaini E, Bertholet S (2015) MF59- and Al(OH)3-adjuvanted Staphylococcus aureus (4C-Staph) vaccines induce sustained protective humoral and cellular immune responses, with a critical role for effector CD4 T cells at low antibody titers. Front Immunol 6:439

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery CP, David MZ, Daum RS (2015) Host factors that contribute to recurrent staphylococcal skin infection. Curr Opin Infect Dis 28:253–258

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Moran GJ, Krishnadasan A, Gorwitz RJ, Fosheim GE, McDougal LK, Carey RB, Talan DA, Group EMINS (2006) Methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections among patients in the emergency department. N Engl J Med 355:666–674

    Google Scholar 

  • Moreillon P, Entenza JM, Francioli P, McDevitt D, Foster TJ, Francois P, Vaudaux P (1995) Role of Staphylococcus aureus coagulase and clumping factor in pathogenesis of experimental endocarditis. Infect Immun 63:4738–4743

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison-Rodriguez SM, Pacha LA, Patrick JE, Jordan NN (2010) Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections at an Army training installation. Epidemiol Infect 138:721–729

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moustafa M, Aronoff GR, Chandran C, Hartzel JS, Smugar SS, Galphin CM, Mailloux LU, Brown E, Dinubile MJ, Kartsonis NA, Guris D (2012) Phase IIa study of the immunogenicity and safety of the novel Staphylococcus aureus vaccine V710 in adults with end-stage renal disease receiving hemodialysis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 19:1509–1516

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mullins PM, Goyal M, Pines JM (2013) Academic emergency medicine 20(5). Version of record online, 14 MAY 2013

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagao M, Iinuma Y, Saito T, Matsumura Y, Shirano M, Matsushima A, Takakura S, Ito Y, Ichiyama S (2010) Close cooperation between infectious disease physicians and attending physicians can result in better management and outcome for patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. Clin Microbiol Infect 16:1783–1788

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naidoo R, Nuttall J, Whitelaw A, Eley B (2013) Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia at a tertiary children’s hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. PLoS ONE 8:e78396

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nanra JS, Buitrago SM, Crawford S, Ng J, Fink PS, Hawkins J, Scully IL, McNeil LK, Aste-Amezaga JM, Cooper D, Jansen KU, Anderson AS (2013) Capsular polysaccharides are an important immune evasion mechanism for Staphylococcus aureus. Hum Vaccin Immunother 9:480–487

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Narita K, Hu DL, Asano K, Nakane A (2015) Vaccination with non-toxic mutant toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 induces IL-17-dependent protection against Staphylococcus aureus infection. Pathog Dis 73

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickerson EK, Hongsuwan M, Limmathurotsakul D, Wuthiekanun V, Shah KR, Srisomang P, Mahavanakul W, Wacharaprechasgul T, Fowler VG, West TE, Teerawatanasuk N, Becher H, White NJ, Chierakul W, Day NP, Peacock SJ (2009) Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in a tropical setting: patient outcome and impact of antibiotic resistance. PLoS ONE 4:e4308

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noskin GA, Rubin RJ, Schentag JJ, Kluytmans J, Hedblom EC, Jacobson C, Smulders M, Gemmen E, Bharmal M (2007) National trends in Staphylococcus aureus infection rates: impact on economic burden and mortality over a 6-year period (1998–2003). Clin Infect Dis 45:1132–1140

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ojulong J, Mwambu TP, Joloba M, Bwanga F, Kaddu-Mulindwa DH (2009) Relative prevalence of methicilline resistant Staphylococcus aureus and its susceptibility pattern in Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda. Tanzan J Health Res 11:149–153

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Riordan K, Lee JC (2004) Staphylococcus aureus capsular polysaccharides. Clin Microbiol Rev 17:218–234

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paganini HR, Della Latta P, Soto A, Casimir L, Monaco A, Verdaguer V, Berberian G, Rosanova MT, Gonzalez F, Sarkis C (2010) Community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: 17 years of experience in Argentine children. Arch Argent Pediatr 108:311–317

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pozzi C, Lofano G, Mancini F, Soldaini E, Speziale P, De Gregorio E, Rappuoli R, Bertholet S, Grandi G, Bagnoli F (2015) Phagocyte subsets and lymphocyte clonal deletion behind ineffective immune response to Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol Rev 39:750–763

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Que YA, Francois P, Haefliger JA, Entenza JM, Vaudaux P, Moreillon P (2001) Reassessing the role of Staphylococcus aureus clumping factor and fibronectin-binding protein by expression in Lactococcus lactis. Infect Immun 69:6296–6302

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ray GT, Suaya JA, Baxter R (2013a) Incidence, microbiology, and patient characteristics of skin and soft-tissue infections in a U.S. population: a retrospective population-based study. BMC Infect Dis 13:252

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ray GT, Suaya JA, Baxter R (2013b) Microbiology of skin and soft tissue infections in the age of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 76:24–30

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sader HS, Farrell DJ, Jones RN (2010) Antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram-positive cocci isolated from skin and skin-structure infections in European medical centres. Int J Antimicrob Agents 36:28–32

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schluepen C, Malito E, Marongiu A, Schirle M, McWhinnie E, Lo Surdo P, Biancucci M, Falugi F, Nardi-Dei V, Marchi S, Fontana MR, Lombardi B, De Falco MG, Rinaudo CD, Spraggon G, Nissum M, Bagnoli F, Grandi G, Bottomley MJ, Liberatori S (2013) Mining the bacterial unknown proteome: identification and characterization of a novel family of highly conserved protective antigens in Staphylococcus aureus. Biochem J 455:273–284

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schweizer ML, Chiang HY, Septimus E, Moody J, Braun B, Hafner J, Ward MA, Hickok J, Perencevich EN, Diekema DJ, Richards CL, Cavanaugh JE, Perlin JB, Herwaldt LA (2015) Association of a bundled intervention with surgical site infections among patients undergoing cardiac, hip, or knee surgery. JAMA 313:2162–2171

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sebulsky MT, Heinrichs DE (2001) Identification and characterization of fhuD1 and fhuD2, two genes involved in iron-hydroxamate uptake in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 183:4994–5000

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shinefield H, Black S, Fattom A, Horwith G, Rasgon S, Ordonez J, Yeoh H, Law D, Robbins JB, Schneerson R, Muenz L, Fuller S, Johnson J, Fireman B, Alcorn H, Naso R (2002) Use of a Staphylococcus aureus conjugate vaccine in patients receiving hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 346:491–496

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sievert DM, Ricks P, Edwards JR, Schneider A, Patel J, Srinivasan A, Kallen A, Limbago B, Fridkin S, National Healthcare Safety Network T, Participating NF (2013) Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009–2010. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 34:1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverman GJ, Goodyear CS (2006) Confounding B-cell defences: lessons from a staphylococcal superantigen. Nat Rev Immunol 6:465–475

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Song L, Hobaugh MR, Shustak C, Cheley S, Bayley H, Gouaux JE (1996) Structure of staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin, a heptameric transmembrane pore. Science 274:1859–1866

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Song Y, Tai JH, Bartsch SM, Zimmerman RK, Muder RR, Lee BY (2012) The potential economic value of a Staphylococcus aureus vaccine among hemodialysis patients. Vaccine 30:3675–3682

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Spelman DW, Russo P, Harrington G, Davis BB, Rabinov M, Smith JA, Spicer WJ, Esmore D (2000) Risk factors for surgical wound infection and bacteraemia following coronary artery bypass surgery. Aust N Z J Surg 70:47–51

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stranger-Jones YK, Bae T, Schneewind O (2006) Vaccine assembly from surface proteins of Staphylococcus aureus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:16942–16947

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Suaya JA, Mera RM, Cassidy A, O’Hara P, Amrine-Madsen H, Burstin S, Miller LG (2014) Incidence and cost of hospitalizations associated with Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections in the United States from 2001 through 2009. BMC Infect Dis 14:296

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sutter DE, Summers AM, Keys CE, Taylor KL, Frasch CE, Braun LE, Fattom AI, Bash MC (2011) Capsular serotype of Staphylococcus aureus in the era of community-acquired MRSA. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 63:16–24

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thakker M, Park JS, Carey V, Lee JC (1998) Staphylococcus aureus serotype 5 capsular polysaccharide is antiphagocytic and enhances bacterial virulence in a murine bacteremia model. Infect Immun 66:5183–5189

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tong SY, Davis JS, Eichenberger E, Holland TL, Fowler VG Jr (2015) Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev 28:603–661

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Torre A, Bacconi M, Sammicheli C, Galletti B, Laera D, Fontana MR, Grandi G, De Gregorio E, Bagnoli F, Nuti S, Bertholet S, Bensi G (2015) Four-component Staphylococcus aureus vaccine 4C-staph enhances Fcgamma receptor expression in neutrophils and monocytes and mitigates S. aureus infection in neutropenic mice. Infect Immun 83:3157–3163

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Torres VJ, Pishchany G, Humayun M, Schneewind O, Skaar EP (2006) Staphylococcus aureus IsdB is a hemoglobin receptor required for heme iron utilization. J Bacteriol 188:8421–8429

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tuchscherr LP, Buzzola FR, Alvarez LP, Lee JC, Sordelli DO (2008) Antibodies to capsular polysaccharide and clumping factor A prevent mastitis and the emergence of unencapsulated and small-colony variants of Staphylococcus aureus in mice. Infect Immun 76:5738–5744

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Turnidge JD, Nimmo GR, Pearson J, Gottlieb T, Collignon PJ, Australian Group on Antimicrobial R (2007) Epidemiology and outcomes for Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in Australian hospitals, 2005–06: report from the Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep 31:398–403

    Google Scholar 

  • van den Berg S, Koedijk DG, Back JW, Neef J, Dreisbach A, van Dijl JM, Bakker-Woudenberg IA, Buist G (2015) Active immunization with an octa-valent Staphylococcus aureus antigen mixture in models of S. aureus bacteremia and skin infection in mice. PLoS One 10:e0116847

    Google Scholar 

  • Verkaik NJ, de Vogel CP, Boelens HA, Grumann D, Hoogenboezem T, Vink C, Hooijkaas H, Foster TJ, Verbrugh HA, van Belkum A, van Wamel WJ (2009) Anti-staphylococcal humoral immune response in persistent nasal carriers and noncarriers of Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis 199:625–632

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent JL, Rello J, Marshall J, Silva E, Anzueto A, Martin CD, Moreno R, Lipman J, Gomersall C, Sakr Y, Reinhart K, Investigators EIGo (2009) International study of the prevalence and outcomes of infection in intensive care units. JAMA 302:2323–2329

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincent J-L, Rello J, Marshall J, Silva E, Anzueto A, Martin CD, Moreno R, Lipman J, Gomersall C, Sakr Y, Reinhart K, Investigators EIGo (2009) International study of the prevalence and outcomes of infection in intensive care units. JAMA 302:2323–2329

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilke GA, Bubeck Wardenburg J (2010) Role of a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 in Staphylococcus aureus alpha-hemolysin-mediated cellular injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:13473–13478

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Williams DJ, Cooper WO, Kaltenbach LA, Dudley JA, Kirschke DL, Jones TF, Arbogast PG, Griffin MR, Creech CB (2011) Comparative effectiveness of antibiotic treatment strategies for pediatric skin and soft-tissue infections. Pediatrics 128:e479–e487

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yilmaz M, Elaldi N, Balkan II, Arslan F, Batirel AA, Bakici MZ, Gozel MG, Alkan S, Celik AD, Yetkin MA, Bodur H, Sinirtas M, Akalin H, Altay FA, Sencan I, Azak E, Gundes S, Ceylan B, Ozturk R, Leblebicioglu H, Vahaboglu H, Mert A (2016) Mortality predictors of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a prospective multicenter study. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 15:7

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao C, Liu Y, Zhao M, Liu Y, Yu Y, Chen H, Sun Q, Chen H, Jiang W, Liu Y, Han S, Xu Y, Chen M, Cao B, Wang H (2012) Characterization of community acquired Staphylococcus aureus associated with skin and soft tissue infection in Beijing: high prevalence of PVL + ST398. PLoS ONE 7:e38577

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank Giorgio Corsi for artwork and Proinnsias Fox at GSK for critical reading of the manuscript.

Funding

GSK funded all costs associated with the development and the publishing of the present manuscript.

Declaration of interest

Reuben Olaniyi is the recipient of a GSK fellowship from the Ph.D. programme in biochemistry and molecular biology of the University of Siena. Clarissa Pozzi is an employee of GVGH (GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health). When the manuscript was written, Lassi Liljeroos was a post-doc researcher at GSK with a Marie Curie fellowship funded by a European Union FP7 Framework Programme FP7-PEOPLE-2013-IEF Grant (623168). Fabio Bagnoli, Ilaria Galgani, and Rino Rappuoli are employees of GSK Vaccines. Fabio Bagnoli owns patents on S. aureus vaccine candidates. Fabio Bagnoli and Rino Rappuoli own GSK stocks. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.

Authorship

Clarissa Pozzi, Reuben Olaniyi, Lassi Liljeroos, Ilaria Galgani, Rino Rappuoli and Fabio Bagnoli were involved in the conception and design of the manuscript. All authors were involved in writing the manuscript or revising it critically for important intellectual content. All authors approved the manuscript before it was submitted.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. GSK Vaccines, Research Center, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100, Siena, Italy

    Clarissa Pozzi, Reuben Olaniyi, Lassi Liljeroos, Ilaria Galgani, Rino Rappuoli & Fabio Bagnoli

Authors
  1. Clarissa Pozzi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Reuben Olaniyi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lassi Liljeroos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ilaria Galgani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Rino Rappuoli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Fabio Bagnoli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fabio Bagnoli .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. GSK Vaccines, Siena, Italy

    Fabio Bagnoli

  2. GSK Vaccines, Siena, Italy

    Rino Rappuoli

  3. Center for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy

    Guido Grandi

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pozzi, C., Olaniyi, R., Liljeroos, L., Galgani, I., Rappuoli, R., Bagnoli, F. (2016). Vaccines for Staphylococcus aureus and Target Populations. In: Bagnoli, F., Rappuoli, R., Grandi, G. (eds) Staphylococcus aureus. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 409. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2016_54

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation