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Staphylococcal Immune Evasion Proteins: Structure, Function, and Host Adaptation

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Staphylococcus aureus

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 409))

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is a successful human and animal pathogen. Its pathogenicity is linked to its ability to secrete a large amount of virulence factors. These secreted proteins interfere with many critical components of the immune system, both innate and adaptive, and hamper proper immune functioning. In recent years, numerous studies have been conducted in order to understand the molecular mechanism underlying the interaction of evasion molecules with the host immune system. Structural studies have fundamentally contributed to our understanding of the mechanisms of action of the individual factors. Furthermore, such studies revealed one of the most striking characteristics of the secreted immune evasion molecules: their conserved structure. Despite high-sequence variability, most immune evasion molecules belong to a small number of structural categories. Another remarkable characteristic is that S. aureus carries most of these virulence factors on mobile genetic elements (MGE) or ex-MGE in its accessory genome. Coevolution of pathogen and host has resulted in immune evasion molecules with a highly host-specific function and prevalence. In this review, we explore how these shared structures and genomic locations relate to function and host specificity. This is discussed in the context of therapeutic options for these immune evasion molecules in infectious as well as in inflammatory diseases.

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Abbreviations

AMP:

Antimicrobial peptide

APC:

Antigen-presenting cell

Aur:

Aureolysin

Bov:

Bovine

CA-MRSA:

Community-acquired MRSA

CHIPS (chp):

Chemotaxis inhibitory protein of S. aureus

DARC:

Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines

EAP (eap):

Extracellular adherence protein

Ecb (ecb):

Extracellular complement-binding protein

Efb (efb):

Extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein

Egc (egc):

Enterotoxin gene cluster

Eq:

Equine

FLIPr (flipr):

FPR2 inhibitory protein

FPR:

Formyl peptide receptor

GPCR:

G-protein-coupled receptor

HLA:

Human leukocyte antigen

Hla (hla):

α-hemolysin

Hlb (hlb):

β-hemolysin

Hlg (hlg):

γ-hemolysin

IEC:

Immune evasion cluster

Ig:

Immunoglobulin

Luk (luk):

Leukocidin

mAb:

Monoclonal antibody

MAC:

Membrane attack complex

MGE:

Mobile genetic element

MHC-II:

Major histocompatibility complex II

MMP-9:

Matrix metalloproteinase 9

MRSA:

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

NET:

Neutrophil extracellular trap

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

NSP:

Neutrophil serine protease

OB:

Oligomer-binding

Ov:

Ovine

PSGL-1:

P-selection glycoprotein ligand-1

PSM (psm):

Phenol-soluble modulin

PVL (pvl):

Panton–Valentine leukocidin

SAg:

Superantigen

SAK (sak):

Staphylokinase

SaPI:

Staphylococcal pathogenicity island

Sbi (sbi):

Second immunoglobulin-binding protein

SC (coa):

Staphylocoagulase

SCC:

Staphylococcal cassette chromosome

SCIN (scn):

Staphylococcal complement inhibitor

SE (se):

Staphylococcal enterotoxin

SEl (sel):

Staphylococcal enterotoxin-like

SNase (nuc):

Staphylococcal nuclease

SpA (spa):

Staphylococcal protein A

SSL (ssl):

Superantigen-like protein

TCR:

T cell receptor

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

TSST-1 (tst):

Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1

vWbp (vwb):

Von Willebrand factor-binding protein

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Dr. Carla de Haas, Dr. Daphne Stapels, Dr. Julia Kolata, Dr. Stephen Nutbeam-Tuffs, and Jacques Flores Dourojeanni for useful discussions and critical review of the manuscript. This work was supported by funding from The Dutch Science Foundation NWO (KJK), the ALTANT initiative of the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs (MV) H2020, and M.S. Curie (RDG).

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  1. Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, G04-614, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Kirsten J. Koymans, Manouk Vrieling, Ronald D. Gorham Jr. & Jos A. G. van Strijp

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  1. Kirsten J. Koymans
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  2. Manouk Vrieling
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  3. Ronald D. Gorham Jr.
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  4. Jos A. G. van Strijp
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Correspondence to Kirsten J. Koymans .

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  1. GSK Vaccines, Siena, Italy

    Fabio Bagnoli

  2. GSK Vaccines, Siena, Italy

    Rino Rappuoli

  3. Center for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy

    Guido Grandi

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Koymans, K.J., Vrieling, M., Gorham, R.D., van Strijp, J.A.G. (2015). Staphylococcal Immune Evasion Proteins: Structure, Function, and Host Adaptation. In: Bagnoli, F., Rappuoli, R., Grandi, G. (eds) Staphylococcus aureus. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 409. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2015_5017

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