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The Chemokine System in Experimental and Clinical Hematology pp 37–58Cite as

Role of Chemokines in the Biology of Natural Killer Cells

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Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 341))

Abstract

Natural killer (NK) cells represent a major subpopulation of lymphocytes. These cells have effector functions as they recognize and kill transformed cells as well as microbially infected cells. In addition, alloreactive NK cells have been successfully used to treat patients with acute myeloid leukemia and other hematological malignancies. NK cells are also endowed with immunoregulatory functions since they secrete cytokines such as IFN-γ, which favor the development of T helper 1 (Th1) cells, and chemokines such as CCL3/MIP-1α and CCL4/MIP-1β, which recruit various inflammatory cells into sites of inflammation. In human blood, NK cells are divided into CD56bright CD16dim and CD56dim CD16bright subsets. These subsets have different phenotypic expression and may have different functions; the former subset is more immunoregulatory and the latter is more cytolytic. The CD56brightCD16dim NK cells home into tissues such as the peripheral lymph nodes (LNs) under physiological conditions because they express the LN homing receptor CCR7 and they respond to CCL19/MIP-3β and CCL21/SLC chemokines. They also distribute into adenoid tissues or decidual uterus following the CXCR3/CXCL10 or CXCR4/CXCL12 axis. On the other hand, both NK cell subsets migrate into inflammatory sites, with more CD56dimCD16bright NK cells distributing into inflamed liver and lungs. CCR5/CCL5 axis plays an important role in the accumulation of NK cells in virally infected sites as well as during parasitic infections. CD56brightCD16dim cells also migrate into autoimmune sites such as inflamed synovial fluids in patients having rheumatoid arthritis facilitated by the CCR5/CCL3/CCL4/CCL5 axis, whereas they distribute into inflamed brains aided by the CX3CR1/CX3CL1 axis. On the other hand, CD56dimCD16bright NK cells accumulate in the liver of patients with primary biliary disease aided by the CXCR1/CXCL8 axis. However, the types of chemokines that contribute to their accumulation in target organs during graft vs. host (GvH) disease are not known. Further, chemokines activate NK cells to become highly cytolytic cells known as CC chemokine-activated killer (CHAK) cells that kill tumor cells. In summary, chemokines whether secreted in an autocrine or paracrine fashion regulate various biological functions of NK cells. Depending on the tissue and the chemokine secreted, NK cells may ameliorate the disease such as their roles in combating tumors or virally infected cells, and their therapeutic potentials in treating leukemias and other hematological malignancies, as well as reducing the incidence of GvH disease. In contrast, they may exacerbate the disease by damaging the affected tissues through direct cytotoxicity or by the release of multiple inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Examples are their deleterious roles in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and primary biliary cirrhosis.

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Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Dr. Haakon Benestad for critically reading this manuscript. Work in the author’s laboratory is supported by grants from the University of Oslo, Anders Jahres Fond, the Norwegian Cancer Society, and Legat for fremme av kreftforskningen.

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  1. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Sognsvannsvn. 9, Blindern, 1103, 0317, Oslo, Norway

    Azzam A. Maghazachi

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  1. Azzam A. Maghazachi
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Correspondence to Azzam A. Maghazachi .

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  1. Dept. Medicine, Div. Infectious Diseases, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, 5021, Norway

    Oystein Bruserud

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Maghazachi, A.A. (2010). Role of Chemokines in the Biology of Natural Killer Cells. In: Bruserud, O. (eds) The Chemokine System in Experimental and Clinical Hematology. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 341. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2010_20

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