Skip to main content

Visceral Pain

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Behavioral Neurobiology of Chronic Pain

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences ((CTBN,volume 20))

Abstract

Modeling visceral pain requires an appreciation of the underlying neurobiology of visceral sensation, including characteristics of visceral pain that distinguish it from pain arising from other tissues, the unique sensory innervation of visceral organs, the functional basis of visceral pain, and the concept of viscero-somatic and viscero-visceral convergence. Further, stimuli that are noxious when applied to the viscera are different than stimuli noxious to skin, muscle, and joints, thus informing model development and assessment. Visceral pain remains an important and understudied area of pain research and basic science knowledge and mechanisms acquired using animal models can translate into approaches that can be applied to the study and development of future therapeutics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aghdassi A, Mayerle J, Christochowitz S, Weiss F, Sendler M, Lerch M (2011) Animal models for investigating chronic pancreatitis. Febrogenesis Tissue Prepair 4:26

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al Chaer ED, Westlund K, Willis WD Jr (1996) Potentiation of the thalamic responses to colorectal distension by visceral inflammation. Neuroreport 7:1635–1639

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al Chaer ED, Feng Y, Willis WD (1998) A role for the dorsal column in nociceptive visceral input into the thalamus of primates. J Neurophysiol 79:3143–3150

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al Chaer ED, Kawasaki M, Pasricha P (2000) A new model of chronic visceral hypersensitivity in adult rats induced by colon irritation during postnatal development. Gastroenterology 119:1276–1285

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ball CL, Ness TJ, Randich A (2010) Opioid blockade and inflammation reveal estrous cycle effects on visceromotor reflexes evoked by bladder distension. J Urol 184:1529–1535

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bjorkman R, Hedner J, Hedner T, Henning M (1990) Central, naloxone-reversible antinociception by diclofenac in the rat. Schmeidebergs Arch Pharmacol 342:171–176

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Black L, Ness TJ, Robbins MT (2009) Effects of oxytocin and prolactin on stress-induced bladder hypersensitivity in female rats. J Pain 10:1065–1072

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bliss W, Burch B, Martin M, Zollinger R (1950) Localization of referred pancreatic pain induced by electric stimulation. Gastroenterology 16:317–323

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bove G (2006) Mechanical sensory threshold testing using nylon monofilaments: the pain field’s “tin standare”. Pain 124:13–17

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradesi S, Schwetz I, Ennes H, Lamy C, Ohning G, Fanselow M, Pothoulakis C, McRoberts J, Mayer E (2005) Repeated exposure to water avoidance stress in rats: a new model for sustained visceral hyperalgesia. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 289:G42–G53

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brumovsky PR, Gebhart GF (2010) Visceral organ cross-sensitization—an integrated perspective. Autonom Neurosci 153:106–115

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll MJ, Lim R (1958) Mechanisms of phenylquinone writhing. Fed Proc 17:357

    Google Scholar 

  • Cervero F, Connell L (1984) Distribution of somatic and visceral primary afferent fibres within the thoracic spinal cord of the cat. J Comp Neurol 230:88–98

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ceyhan G, Demir I, Maak M, Friess H (2010) Fate of nerves in chronic pancreatitis: Neural remodeling and pancreatic neuropathy. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 24:311–322

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chandler M, Qin C, Yuan Y, Foreman R (1999) Convergence of trigeminal input with visceral and phrenic inputs on primate C1–C2 spinothalamic tract neurons. Brain Res 829:204–208

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chaplan SR, Bach FW, Pogrel JW, Chung JM, Yaksh TL (1994) Quantitative assessment of tactile allodynia in the rat paw. J Neurosci Methods 53:55–63

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chernov H, Wilson D, Fowler W, Plummer A (1967) Non-specificity of the mouse writhing test. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 167:171–178

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Choy C, Yoon Y, Na H, Kim S, Chung JM (1994) Behavioral signs of ongoing pain and cold allodynia in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Pain 59:369–376

    Google Scholar 

  • Christianson JA, Gebhart GF (2007) Assessment of colon sensitivity by luminal distension in mice. Nat Protoc 2:2624–2631

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christianson JA, Liang R, Ustinova E, Davis B, Fraser M, Pezzone M (2007) Convergence of bladder and colon sensory innervation occurs at the primary afferent level. Pain 128:235–243

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christianson JA, Bielefeldt K, Malin S, Davis BM (2010) Neonatal colon insult alters growth factor expression and TRPA1 responses in adult mice. Pain 151:540–549

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen J, Fagin A, Hariton E, Niska J, Pierce M, Kuriyama A, Whelan J, Jackson J, Dimitrakoff J (2012) Therapeutic intervention for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS): a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 7:e41941

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collier H, Dinneen L, Johnson C, Schneider C (1968) The abdominal constriction response and its suppression by analgesic drugs in the mouse. Br J Pharmacol Chemother 32:295–310

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cornelissen L, Misajet B, Brooks D, Hicks A (2008) Influence of genetic background and gender on bladder function in the mouse. Auton Neurosci 140:53–58

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coutinho S, Plotsky P, Sablad M, Miller J, Zhou H, Bayati A, McRoberts J, Mayer E (2002) Neonatal maternal separation alters stress-induced responses to viscerosomatic nociceptive stimuli in rat. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 282:G307–G316

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deberry JJ, Ness TJ, Robbins MT, Randich A (2007) Inflammation-induced enhancement of the visceromotor reflex to urinary bladder distention: modulation by endogenous opioids and the effects of early-in-life experience with bladder inflammation. J Pain 8:914–923

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deberry JJ, Randich A, Shaffer AD, Robbins MT, Ness TJ (2010) Neonatal bladder inflammation produces functional changes and alters neuropeptide content in bladders of adult female rats. J Pain 11:247–255

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Demir I, Tieftrunk E, Maak M, Friess H, Ceyhan G (2011) Pain mechanisms in chronic pancreatitis: of the master and his fire. Lagenbecks Arch Surg 396:151–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckhardt E, Grelis M, Tabachnick I (1958) Effect of some analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents on sodium pentobarbital anesthesia. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 98:423–424

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emele J, Shanaman J (1963) Bradykinin writhing: a method for measuring analgesia. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 114:680–682

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Euchner-Wamser I, Sengupta JN, Gebhart GF, Meller ST (1993) Characterization of responses of T2–T4 spinal cord neurons to esophageal distension in the rat. J Neurophysiol 69:868–883

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feng B, Gebhart GF (2011) Characterization of silent afferents in the pelvic and splanchnic innervations of the mouse colorectum. Am J Physiol 300:G170–G180

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng B, La JH, Schwartz ES, Tanaka T, McMurray T, Gebhart GF (2012a) Long-term sensitization of mechanosensitive and -insensitive afferents in mice with persistent colorectal hypersensitivity. Am J Physiol 302:G676–G683

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng B, La JH, Tanaka T, Schwartz ES, McMurray T, Gebhart GF (2012b) Altered colorectal afferent function associated with TNBS-induced visceral hypersensitivity in mice. Am J Physiol 303:G817–G824

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng B, Kiyatkin ME, La JH, Ge P, Solinga R, Silos-Santiago I, Gebhart GF (2013) Activation of guanylate cyclase-C attenuates stretch responses and sensitization of mouse colorectal afferents. J Neurosci 33:9831–9839

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giamberardino M, Vecchiet L, Albe-Fessart D (1990) Comparison of the effects of ureteral calculosis and occlusion on muscular sensitivity to painful stimulation in rats. Pain 43:227–234

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giamberardino M, Valente R, Debigontina P, Vecchiet L (1995) Artificial ureteral calculosis in rats: behavioural characterization of visceral pain episodes and their relationship with referred lumbar muscle hyperalgesia. Pain 61:459–469

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graham D, Bonica J (2001) Painful diseases of the liver, biliary system and pancreas. In: Loser J, Butler S, Chapman R, Turk D (eds) Bonica’s management of pain, 3rd edn. Lippincott Williams & Williams, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Griesbacher T (1994) Blood pressure reflexes following activation of capsaicin-sensitive afferent neurones in the biliopancreatic duct of rats. Br J Pharmacol 111:547–554

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grundy D (2006) Signalling the state of the digestive tract. Auton Neurosci 125:76–80

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Habermacher G, Chason J, Schaeffer A (2006) Prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Ann Rev Med 57:195–206

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hendershot L, Forsaith J (1959) Antagonism of the frequency of the phenylquinone-induced writhing in the mouse by weak analgesics and nonanalgesics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 125:237–240

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hobson A, Aziz Q (2004) Brain processing of esophageal sensation in health and disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 33:69–91

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Houghton A, Kadura S, Westlund K (1997) Dorsal column lesions reverse the reduction of homecage activity in rats with pancreatitis. Neuroreport 8:3795–3800

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu Y, Dong L, Sun B, Guillon M, Burbach L, Nunn P, Liu X, Vilenski O, Ford A, Zhong Y, Rong W (2009) The role of metabotropic glutamate receptor mGlu5 in control of micturition and bladder nociception. Neurosci Lett 450:12–17

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janig W, Morrison J (1986) Functional properties of spinal visceral afferents supplying abdominal and pelvic organs, with special emphasis on visceral nociception. Prog Brain Res 67:87–114

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones RC, Otsuka E, Wagstrom E, Jansen CS, Price MP, Gebhart GF (2007) Short-term sensitization of colon mechanoreceptors is associated with long-term hypersensitivity to colon distention in mice. Gastroenterology 1:184–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamp EH, Jones RC III, Tillman SR, Gebhart GF (2003) Quantitative assessment and characterization of visceral nociception and hyperalgesia in mice. Am. J. Physiol. 284:G434–G444

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim YS, Kwon SJ (2000) High thoracic midline dorsal column myelotomy for severe visceral pain due to advanced stomach cancer. Neurosurgery 46:85–90

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King T, Vera-Portocarrero L, Gutierrez T, Vanderah T, Dussor G, Lai J, Fields H, Porreca F (2009) Unmasking the tonic-aversive state in neuropathic pain. Nat Neurosci 12:1364–1366

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kyloh M, Nicholas S, Zagorodnyuk V, Brookes S, Spencer N (2011) Identification of the visceral pain pathway activated by noxious colorectal distension in mice. Front Neurosci 5:16

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • La JH, Feng B, Schwartz ES, Brumovsky PR, Gebhart GF (2012) Luminal hypertonicity and acidity modulate colorectal afferents and induce persistent visceral hypersensitivity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 303:G802–G809

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb K, Kang Y, Gebhart G, Bielefeldt K (2003) Gastric inflammation triggers hypersensitivity to acid in awake rats. Gastroenterology 125:1410–1418

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Langley J (1921) The autonomic nervous system. W. Heffer, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim R, Miller D, Guzman F, Rodgers D, Rogers R, Wang S, Chao P, Shih T (1967) Pain and analgesia evaluated by the intraperitoneal bradykinin-evoked pain method in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 8:521–542

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Low D, Nguyen D, Mizoguchi E (2013) Animal models of ulcerative colitis and their application in drug research. Drug Des Devel Ther 7:1341–1357

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mackenzie J (1909) Symptoms and their interpretation. Shaw & Sons, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto C, Nickander R (1967) Epinephrine-induced writhing in mice. Fed Proc 26:619

    Google Scholar 

  • Mogil JS, Crager SE (2004) What should we be measuring in behavioral studies of chronic pain in pain? Pain 112:12–15

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muddana V, Whitcomb D, Papachristou G (2009) Current management and novel insights in acute pancreatitis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 3:435–444

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murray W, Miller J (1960) Oxytocin-induced “cramping” in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 128:372–379

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nauta H, Soukup V, Fabian R, Lin J, Grady J, Williams C, Campbell G, Westlund K, Willis WD Jr (2000) Punctate midline myelotomy for the relief of visceral cancer pain. J Neurosurg 92:125–130

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ness TJ (1999) Models of Visceral Nociception. ILAR J 40:119–128

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ness TJ (2000) Evidence for ascending visceral nociceptive information in the dorsal midline and lateral spinal cord. Pain 87:83–88

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ness TJ (2005) Pelvic Pain in women and men: recent findings. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 18:555–562

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ness TJ, Castroman P (2001) Evidence for two populations of rat spinal dorsal horn neurons excited by urinary bladder distension. Brain Res 923:147–156

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ness TJ, Elhefni H (2004) Reliable visceromotor responses are evoked by noxious bladder distension in mice. J Urol 171:1704–1708

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ness TJ, Gebhart GF (1988) Colorectal distension as a noxious visceral stimulus: physiologic and pharmacologic characterization of pseudaffective reflexes in the rat. Brain Res 450:153–169

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ness TJ, Gebhart GF (1990) Visceral pain: a review of experimental studies. Pain 41:167–234

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ness TJ, Gebhart GF (2001) Inflammation enhances reflex and spinal neuron responses to noxious visceral stimulation in rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 280:G649–G657

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ness TJ, Randich A, Gebhart G (1991) Further behavioral evidence that colorectal distension is a ‘noxious’ visceral stimulus in rats. Neurosci Lett 131:113–116

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ness TJ, Lewis-Sides A, Castroman P (2001) Characterization of pressor and visceromotor reflex responses to bladder distention in rats: sources of variability and effect of analgesics. J Urol 165:968–974

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nickel J, Moldwin R, Lee S, Davis E, Henry R, Wyllie M (2009) Intravesical alkalinized lidocaine [PSD597] offers sustained relief from symptoms if interstitial cystitis and painful bladder syndrome. BJU 103:1080–1084

    Google Scholar 

  • Niemegeers C, Lenaerts F, Awouters F, Janssen P (1975) Gastrointestinal effects and acute toxicity of suprofen. Arzneimittelforschung 25:1537–1542

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ozaki N, Bielefeldt K, Sengupta J, Gebhart GF (2002) Models of gastric hyperalgesia in the rat. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 283:G666–G676

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palecek J, Paleckova V, Willis WD (2002) The roles of pathways in the spinal cord lateral and dorsal funiculi in signaling nociceptive somatic and visceral stimuli in rats. Pain 96:297–307

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pandita R, Fujiwara M, Alm P, Andersson K (2000) Cystometric evaluation of bladder function in non-anesthetized mice with and without bladder outlet obstruction. J Urol 164:1385–1389

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papachristou G, Clermont G, Sharma A, Yadav D, Whitcomb D (2007) Risk and markers of severe acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterol Clinics of North America 36:277–296

    Google Scholar 

  • Perides G, Tao X, West N, Sharma A, Steer ML (2005) A mouse model of ethanol dependent pancreatic fibrosis. Gut 10:1461–1467

    Google Scholar 

  • Perides G, van Acker G, Laukkarinen J, Steer ML (2010) Experimental acute biliary pancreatitis induced by retrograde infusion of bile acids into the mouse pancreatic duct. Nat Protoc 5:335–341

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pontari M, Ruggieri M (2004) Mechanisms in prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. J Urol 172:839–845

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Powell-Boone T, Ness TJ, Cannon R, Lloyd L, Weigent DA, Fillingim RB (2005) Menstrual cycle affects bladder sensation in subjects with interstitial cystitis. J Urol 174:1832–1836

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Puylaert M, Kapural L, Van Zundert J, Peek D, Lataster A, Mekhail N, Van Kleef M, Keulemans YC (2011) 26. Pain in chronic pancreatitis. Pain Pract 11:492–505

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quick ML, Wong L, Mukherjee S, Done JD, Schaeffer AJ, Thumbikat P (2013) Th1–Th17 cells contribute to the development of uropathogenic Escherichia coli-induced chronic pelvic pain. PLoS One 8:e60987

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Randich A, Uzzell T, Cannon R, Ness TJ (2006) Inflammation and enhanced nociceptive responses to bladder distension produced by intravesical zymosan in the rat. BMC Urol 6:2

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Randich A, Mebane H, Deberry JJ, Ness TJ (2008) Rostral ventral medulla modulation of the visceromotor reflex evoked by urinary bladder distension in female rats. J Pain 10:920–926

    Google Scholar 

  • Robbins MT, Ness TJ (2008) Footshock-induced urinary bladder hypersensitivity: role of spinal corticotropin-releasing factor receptors. J Pain 9:991–998

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson DR, Gebhart GF (2008) Inside information—the unique features of visceral sensation. Mol Interventions 8:242–253

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmauss C, Yaksh T (1984) In vivo studies on spinal opiate receptor systems mediating antinociception. II. Pharmacological profiles suggesting a differential association of mu, delta and kappa receptors with visceral chemical and cutaneous thermal stimuli in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 228:1–12

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz ES, Christianson JA, Chen X, Davis BM, Albers KA, Gebhart GF (2011) Synergistic role of TRPV1 and TRPA1 in pancreatic pain and inflammation. Gastroenterology 140:1283–1291

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz ES, La JH, Scheff NN, Davis BM, Albers KM, Gebhart GF (2013) TRPV1 and TRPA1 antagonists prevent the transition of acute and chronic inflammation and pain in chronic pancreatitis. J Neurosci 13:5603–5611

    Google Scholar 

  • Sengupta J, Gebhart GF (1994) Characterization of mechanosensitive pelvic afferent fibers innervating the colon of the rat. J Neurophysiol 71:2046–2060

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siegmund E, Cadmus R, Lu G (1957) A method for evaluating both non-narcotic and narcotic analgesics. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 95:729–731

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smth P, Kuchel G (2010) Continuous uroflow cystometry in the urethane-anesthetized mouse. Neurourol Urodyn 29:1344–1349

    Google Scholar 

  • Streng T, Santti R, Talo A (2002) Similarities and differences in female and male rat voiding. Neurourol Urodyn 21:136–141

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugiura Y, Tonosaki Y (1995) Spinal organization of unmyelinated visceral afferent fibers in comparison with somatic afferent fibers. Progress in pain research and management. IASP Press, Seattle

    Google Scholar 

  • Taber R, Greenhouse D, Rendell J, Irwin S (1969) Agonist and antagonist interactions of opioids on acetic acid-induces abdominal stretching in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 169:29–38

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tache Y, Martinez V, Wang L, Million M (2004) CRF1 receptor signaling pathways are involved in stress-realted alterations of colonic function and viscerosensitivity: implications for irritable bowel syndrome. Br J Pharmacol 141:1321–1330

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Traub RJ, Tang B, Ji Y, Pandya S, Yfantis H, Sun Y (2008) A rat model of chronic postinflammatory visceral pain induced by deoxycholic acid. Gastroenterology 135:2075–2083

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uvelius B, Gabella G (1995) Intramural neurones appear in the urinary bladder wall following excision of the pelvic ganglion in the rat. Neuroreport 13:2216

    Google Scholar 

  • Uvin P, Evaraerts W, Pinto S, Alpizar YA, Boudes M, Gevaert T, Voets T, Nilius B, Talavera K, De Ridder D (2012) The use of cystometry in small rodents: a study of bladder chemosensation. J Vis Exp 66:e3869

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vera-Portocarrero L, Westlund K (2004) Attenuation of nociception in a model of acute pancreatitis by an NK-1 antagonist. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 77:631–640

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vigna SR, Shahid RA, Nathan JD, McVey DC, Liddle RA (2011) Leukotriene B4 mediates inflammation via TRPV1 in duct obstruction-induced pancreatitis in rats. Pancreas 40:708–714

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vykhovanets E, Resnich M, Maclennan G, Gupta S (2007) Experimental rodent models of prostatitis: limitations and potential. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Dis 10:15–29

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willis WD, Al Chaer ED, Quast M, Westlund K (1999) A visceral pain pathway int he dorsal column of the spinal cord. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:7675–7679

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winston J, He Z, Shenoy M, Xiao S, Pasricha P (2005) Molecular and behavioral changes in nociception in a novel rat model of chronic pancreatitis for the study of pain. Pain 117:214–222

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woodworth R, Sherrington C (1904) A pseudaffective reflex and its spinal path. J Physiol 31:234–243

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xie A, Schwartz ES, La JL, Gebhart GF (2013) Nociceptive and inflammatory mediators of CP/CPPS. Soc Neurosci. Abstract 643.09

    Google Scholar 

  • Z’graggen K, Wilson P, Neoptolemos J, Buchler M (1998) Diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. In: Beger H, Warshaw A, Buchler M, Carr-Locke D, Neoptolemos J, Russell C, Sarr M (eds) Clinical aspects, the pancreas. Blackwell, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang L, Zhang X, Westlund K (2004) Restoration of spontaneous exploratory behaviors with and intrathecal NMDA receptor antagonist or a PKC inhibitor in rats with acute pancreatitis. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 77:145–153

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to G. F. Gebhart .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Schwartz, E.S., Gebhart, G.F. (2014). Visceral Pain. In: Taylor, B., Finn, D. (eds) Behavioral Neurobiology of Chronic Pain. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 20. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2014_315

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics