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Sleep, Neuronal Plasticity and Brain Function pp 307–330Cite as

Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation in Healthy Aging and Mild Cognitive Impairment

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Part of the book series: Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences ((CTBN,volume 25))

Abstract

Sleep quality and architecture as well as sleep’s homeostatic and circadian controls change with healthy aging. Changes include reductions in slow-wave sleep’s (SWS) percent and spectral power in the sleep electroencephalogram (EEG), number and amplitude of sleep spindles, rapid eye movement (REM) density and the amplitude of circadian rhythms, as well as a phase advance (moved earlier in time) of the brain’s circadian clock. With mild cognitive impairment (MCI) there are further reductions of sleep quality, SWS, spindles, and percent REM, all of which further diminish, along with a profound disruption of circadian rhythmicity, with the conversion to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Sleep disorders may represent risk factors for dementias (e.g., REM Behavior Disorder presages Parkinson’s disease) and sleep disorders are themselves extremely prevalent in neurodegenerative diseases. Working memory , formation of new episodic memories, and processing speed all decline with healthy aging whereas semantic, recognition, and emotional declarative memory are spared. In MCI, episodic and working memory further decline along with declines in semantic memory. In young adults, sleep-dependent memory consolidation (SDC) is widely observed for both declarative and procedural memory tasks. However, with healthy aging, although SDC for declarative memory is preserved, certain procedural tasks, such as motor-sequence learning, do not show SDC. In younger adults, fragmentation of sleep can reduce SDC, and a normative increase in sleep fragmentation may account for reduced SDC with healthy aging. Whereas sleep disorders such as insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and narcolepsy can impair SDC in the absence of neurodegenerative changes, the incidence of sleep disorders increases both with normal aging and, further, with neurodegenerative disease. Specific features of sleep architecture, such as sleep spindles and SWS are strongly linked to SDC. Diminution of these features with healthy aging and their further decline with MCI may account for concomitant declines in SDC. Notably these same sleep features further markedly decline, in concert with declining cognitive function, with the progression to AD. Therefore, progressive changes in sleep quality, architecture, and neural regulation may constitute a contributing factor to cognitive decline that is seen both with healthy aging and, to a much greater extent, with neurodegenerative disease.

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Acknowledgments

Research supported by NIA R00AG029710 and NIMH R21MH090357.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Edward F. Pace-Schott

  2. Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA

    Rebecca M. C. Spencer

  3. Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital – East, CNY 149 13th Street, Room 2510, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA

    Edward F. Pace-Schott

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  1. Edward F. Pace-Schott
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  2. Rebecca M. C. Spencer
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Correspondence to Edward F. Pace-Schott .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Behavior and Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Peter Meerlo

  2. Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

    Ruth M. Benca

  3. Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Ted Abel

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Pace-Schott, E.F., Spencer, R.M.C. (2014). Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation in Healthy Aging and Mild Cognitive Impairment. In: Meerlo, P., Benca, R., Abel, T. (eds) Sleep, Neuronal Plasticity and Brain Function. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 25. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2014_300

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