Abstract
In this chapter, we consider the relevance of impulsivity as both a psychological construct and endophenotype underlying attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and drug addiction. The case for executive dysfunction in ADHD and drug addiction is critically reviewed in the context of dissociable cognitive control processes mediated by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), the orbital and ventral medial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC). We argue that such neuroanatomical divisions within the prefrontal cortex are likely to account for the multidimensional basis of impulsivity conceptually categorized in terms of “motoric” and “choice” impulsivity. The relevance of this distinction for the etiology of ADHD and drug addiction is integrated within a novel theoretical framework. This scheme embraces animal learning theory to help explain the heterogeneity of impulse control disorders, which are exemplified by ADHD as a vulnerability disorder for drug addiction.
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Abbreviations
- 5-CSRTT:
-
5-Choice serial reaction time task
- 5-HT:
-
5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)
- ADHD:
-
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
- CR:
-
Conditioned reinforcer
- DA:
-
Dopamine
- DAT:
-
Dopamine transporter
- DLPFC:
-
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- DRL:
-
Differential response to low rates of reinforcement
- fMRI:
-
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
- IFG:
-
Inferior frontal gyrus
- IL:
-
Infralimbic (cortex)
- mPFC:
-
Medial prefrontal cortex
- NAcb:
-
Nucleus accumbens
- O:
-
Outcome
- OFC:
-
Orbitofrontal cortex
- PET:
-
Positron emission tomography
- PIT:
-
Pavlovian to instrumental transfer
- R:
-
Response
- RD :
-
Response followed by a delayed outcome
- RI :
-
Response followed by an immediate outcome
- S:
-
Stimulus
- SN:
-
Substantia nigra
- SSRT:
-
Stop-signal reaction time
- SST:
-
Stop-signal task
- TMS:
-
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
- VMPFC:
-
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
- VTA:
-
Ventral tegmental area
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Acknowledgments
This research was supported by a Wellcome Trust Programme Grant (089589/Z/09/Z) awarded to T.W. Robbins, B. J. Everitt, A. C. Roberts, B.J. Sahakian, and JWD, MRC grants to B.J. Everitt (G0600196) and JWD (G0401068, G0701500) and by the European Community’s Sixth Framework Programme (“Imagen” LSNM-CT-2007-037286). GPU was supported by a Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship (PIEF-GA-2009-237608) awarded by the European Commission. This review reflects only the authors’ views and the European Community is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. The authors thank Andrea Bari for insightful discussions. Figure 1 was adapted from best-lemming, brain, Google SketchUp 3D warehouse, http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/details?mid=bdde6508945af6e2a4dd6527f4a3f142 (accessed 8 July, 2010).
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Urcelay, G.P., Dalley, J.W. (2011). Linking ADHD, Impulsivity, and Drug Abuse: A Neuropsychological Perspective. In: Stanford, C., Tannock, R. (eds) Behavioral Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Its Treatment. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 9. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2011_119
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