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Neuroanatomy of Anxiety

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Book cover Behavioral Neurobiology of Anxiety and Its Treatment

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences ((CTBN,volume 2))

Abstract

The evolutionary approach to human anxiety is based on the defensive responses that nonhuman animals show to fear-provoking stimuli. Studies performed mostly on rodents have related areas such as the medial prefrontal cortex, amygdaloid and hypothalamic nuclei, hipoccampal formation, and midbrain central gray to these responses. It is clear, however, that animals show different and sometimes opposite responses according to the threatening stimulus. These responses include immediate reactions such as freezing or flight, behavioral inhibition or avoidance, which are organized by at least partially distinct brain systems. As discussed in this chapter, several pieces of evidence indicate that these brain systems are similar in rodents and primates. In addition, recent neuroimaging studies also suggest dysfunctions in these systems are probably related to anxiety disorders in humans.

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Abbreviations

ACg:

Anterior cingulate

AID:

Dorsal agranular insular cortex

AIV:

Ventral agranular insular cortex

BLA:

Basolateral amygdala

BNST:

Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

CA1:

Ammon’s horn 1

CeA:

Central nucleus of the amygdala

DLPFC:

Lateral/dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

DMH:

Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus

HAP:

Hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal

IL:

Infralimbic cortex

LH:

Lateral hypothalamus

MO:

Medial orbital cortex

mPFC:

Medial prefrontal cortex

OCD:

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

OMPFC:

Orbito-medial prefrontal cortex

PAG:

Periaqueductal gray

PFC:

Prefrontal cortex

PL:

Prelimbic cortex

PTSD:

Post-traumatic stress disorder

PVN:

Paraventricular nucleus

SSDR:

Species-specific defensive reaction

VLO:

Ventral lateral orbital cortex

vmPFC:

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

VO:

Ventral orbital cortex

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Acknowledgments

We thank the financial support from the Brazilian agencies Capes, FAPESP, CNPq and FAPESC.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Newton Sabino Canteras

  2. Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil

    Leandro José Bertoglio & Antonio de Pádua Carobrez

  3. Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil

    Leonardo Barbosa Resstel & Francisco Silveira Guimarães

Authors
  1. Newton Sabino Canteras
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  2. Leonardo Barbosa Resstel
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  3. Leandro José Bertoglio
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  4. Antonio de Pádua Carobrez
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  5. Francisco Silveira Guimarães
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Francisco Silveira Guimarães .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, Gilman Drive 9500, La Jolla, 92093-0985, USA

    Murray B. Stein

  2. Research & Development, CNS - Affective Spectrum, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse, 2340, Belgium

    Thomas Steckler

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Canteras, N.S., Resstel, L.B., Bertoglio, L.J., de Pádua Carobrez, A., Guimarães, F.S. (2009). Neuroanatomy of Anxiety. In: Stein, M., Steckler, T. (eds) Behavioral Neurobiology of Anxiety and Its Treatment. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2009_7

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