Abstract
Angiosperm genomes frequently undergo polyploidy, which results in a genome doubling event, followed by genome rearrangement and organisation. Such whole genome duplication events often result in immediate speciation, contributing to the spectacular radiation of the angiosperm lineage, while also creating two copies of each gene, which subsequently diverge, further fuelling species evolution. In addition to the pronounced role that polyploidy plays in shaping plant genomes, repetitive elements also serve to drive smaller scale patterns of duplication, rearrangement and novel variation. The action of repetitive elements is a pivotal source of evolutionary novelty, creating novel structural rearrangements, modulating gene expression and driving epigenetic variation.
Recent advances in sequencing technologies are revolutionising our ability to explore ever more genomes, enabling new insight into the pronounced role that whole genome and local patterns of duplication have played in shaping tree genomes, including the prevalent signature of genome duplication in the Populus trichocarpa genome and the striking prevalence of gene duplication in Eucalyptus grandis.
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Acknowledgements
I think Manfred Grabherr for kindly allowing use of Fig. 1, which was produced within the context of the Populus tremula genome project on which we are collaborating.
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Street, N.R. (2016). Structural Genomics of Angiosperm Trees: Genome Duplications, Ploidy, and Repeat Sequences. In: Groover, A., Cronk, Q. (eds) Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics of Angiosperm Trees. Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models, vol 21. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/7397_2016_20
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