Skip to main content

Hit Triage: Medicinal Chemistry Strategies to Improve the Odds of Success in Discovery

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Lead-Seeking Approaches

Part of the book series: Topics in Medicinal Chemistry ((TMC,volume 5))

Abstract

This chapter describes the process of collecting and analyzing information in order to make decisions which help a project move through a key early stage in drug discovery. It explains, in general, the sources of hits for a drug discovery program and explores the link between potency and efficiency in evaluating lead matter. The chapter then illustrates the collection of both pharmacokinetic data as well as safety data, and describes the relevance of that data and the process of using it to make decisions. Of course, there is no one “right” or “wrong” way to do the work contained in this chapter, but the practice of efficiently building a network of information on compounds, and then using that to make informed decisions can help to shift the odds of success in drug discovery.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Gillespie P, Goodnow RA Jr (2004) The hit-to-lead process in drug discovery. In: Doherty A (ed) Annual reports in medicinal chemistry. Elsevier, Oxford, p 293

    Google Scholar 

  2. Keseru GM, Makara GM (2006) Drug Discov Today 11:741

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Leach AR, Hann MM, Burrows JN, Griffen EJ (2006) Mol Biosyst 2:429

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bleicher KH, Bohm H-J, Muller K, Alanine AI (2003) Nat Rev Drug Discov 2:369

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Williams DH, Stephens E, O'Brien DP, Zhou M (2004) Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 43:6596

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Nassar A-EF, Lopez-Anaya A (2004) Curr Opin Drug Discov 7:126

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Lundqvist T (2005) Curr Opin Drug Discov 8:513

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Carr RA, Congreve M, Murray CW, Rees DC (2005) Drug Discov Today 10:987

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Stewart L, Clark R, Behnke C (2002) Drug Discov Today 7:187

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Goodwill KE, Tennant MG, Stevens RC (2001) Drug Discov Today 6:S113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Rees DC, Congreve M, Murray CW, Carr R (2004) Nat Rev Drug Discov 3:660

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Laird ER, Blake JF (2004) Curr Opin Drug Discov 7:354

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Klebe G (2006) Drug Discov Today 11:580

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Zartler ER, Mo H (2007) Curr Top Med Chem 7:1592

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Hajduk PJ, Gerfin T, Boehlen J-M, Haeberli M, Marek D, Fesik SW (1999) J Med Chem 42:2315

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Dalvit C, Flocco M, Knapp S, Mostardini M, Perego R, Stockman BJ, Veronesi M, Varasi M (2002) J Am Chem Soc 124:7702

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Liu B, Li S, Hu J (2004) Am J Pharmacogenomics 4:263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Boozer C, Kim G, Cong S, Guan HW, Londergan T (2006) Curr Opin Biotech 17:400

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Rich R, Hoth LR, Goeghegan KF, Brown TA, LeMotte PK, Simons SP, Hensley P, Myszka DG (2002) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:8562

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Cooper MA (2006) Drug Discov Today 11:1068

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Doyle ML (1997) Curr Opin Biotech 8:31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Weber PC, Salemme FR (2003) Curr Opin Struct Biol 13:115

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Dowling MR, Charlton SJ (2006) Br J Pharmacol 148:927

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Huber W (2005) J Mol Recognit 18:273

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Cik M, Jurzak MR (2006) High-throughput and high content screening. In: Taylor JB, Triggle DJ (eds) Comprehensive medicinal chemistry II. Elsevier, Oxford, Sect 3.32

    Google Scholar 

  26. Schnurr B, Ahrens T, Regenass U (2006) Optical assays in drug discovery In: Taylor JB, Triggle DJ (eds) Comprehensive medicinal chemistry II. Elsevier, Oxford, Sect 3.27

    Google Scholar 

  27. Ullmann D (2006) Fluorescence screening assays. In: Taylor JB, Triggle DJ (eds) Comprehensive medicinal chemistry II. Elsevier, Oxford, Sect 3.28

    Google Scholar 

  28. Weissman A, Keefer J, Miagkov A, Sathyamoorthy M, Perschke S, Wang FL (2006) Cell-based screening assays. In: Taylor JB, Triggle DJ (eds) Comprehensive medicinal chemistry II. Elsevier, Oxford, Sect 3.29

    Google Scholar 

  29. Kuntz ID, Sharp KA, Kollman PA (1999) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:9997

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Hopkins AL, Groom CR, Alex A (2004) Drug Discov Today 9:430

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Hajduk PJ (2006) J Med Chem 49:6972

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Lipinski CA, Lombardo F, Dominy BW, Freeny PJ (1997) Adv Drug Deliv Rev 23:3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Lipinski CA (2001) J Pharmacol Toxicol 44:235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Hajduk PJ, Greer J (2007) Nat Rev Drug Discov 6:211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Teague SJ, Davis AM, Leeson PD, Oprea T (1999) Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 38:3743

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Hann MM, Leach AR, Harper G (2001) J Chem Inf Comput Sci 41:856

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Proudfoot JR (2002) Bioorg Med Chem Lett 12:1647

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Wunberg T, Hendrix M, Hillisch A, Lobell M, Meier H, Schmeck C, Wild H, Hinzen B (2006) Drug Discov Today 11:175

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Hann MM, Oprea TI (2004) Curr Opin Chem Biol 8:255

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Van de Waterbeemd H, Smith DA, Beaumont K, Walker DK (2001) J Med Chem 44:1313

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Van de Waterbeemd H, Smith DA, Jones BC (2001) J Comp Aid Mol Des 15:273

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Riley RJ, Martin IJ, Cooper AE (2002) Curr Drug Metab 3:527

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Venkatakrishnan K, von Moltke LL, Obach RS, Greenblatt DJ (2003) Curr Drug Metab 4:423

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Di L, Kerns EH (2005) Curr Opin Drug Discov Dev 8:495

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Parmentier Y, Bossant M-J, Bertrand M, Walther B (2006) In vitro studies of drug metabolism. In: Taylor JB, Triggle DJ (eds) Comprehensive medicinal chemistry II. Elsevier, Oxford, Sect 5.10

    Google Scholar 

  46. Trager WF (2006) Principles of drug metabolism 1: redox reactions. In: Taylor JB, Triggle DJ (eds) Comprehensive medicinal chemistry II. Elsevier, Oxford, Sect 5.05

    Google Scholar 

  47. Testa B (2006) Principles of drug metabolism 2: hydrolysis and conjugation reactions. In: Taylor JB, Triggle DJ (eds) Comprehensive medicinal chemistry II. Elsevier, Oxford, Sect 5.06

    Google Scholar 

  48. Lin JH, Wong BK (2002) Curr Drug Metab 3:623

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Obach RS (2001) Curr Opin Drug Discov Dev 4:36

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Barter ZE, Bayliss MK, Beaune PH, Boobis AR, Carlile DJ, Edwards RJ, Houston JB, Lake BG, Lipscomb JC, Pelkonen OR, Tucker GT, Rostami-Hodjegan A (2007) Curr Drug Metab 8:33

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Brown HS, Griffin M, Houston JB (2007) Drug Metab and Dispos 35:293

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Grime K, Riley RJ (2006) Curr Drug Metab 7:251

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Nassar A-EF, Kamel AM, Clarimont C (2004) Drug Discov Today 9:1020

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Balimane PV, Han Y-H, Chong S (2006) AAPS J 8:E1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Artursson P, Neuhoff S, Matsson P, Tavelin S (2006) Passive permeability and active transport models for the prediction of oral absorption. In: Taylor JB, Triggle DJ (eds) Comprehensive medicinal chemistry II. Elsevier, Oxford, Sect 5.11

    Google Scholar 

  56. Kansy M, Senner F, Gubernator K (1998) J Med Chem 41:1007

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Galinis-Luciani D, Nguyen L, Yazdanian M (2007) J Pharm Sci 96:2886

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Avdeef A, Bendels S, Di L, Faller B, Kansy M, Sugano K, Yamauchi Y (2007) J Pharm Sci 96:2893

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Yu X-Q, Xue CC, Wang G, Zhou S-F (2007) Curr Drug Metab 8:787

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Fearn RA, Hirst BH (2006) Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 21:168

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Abbott NJ (2006) In vitro models for examining and predicting brain uptake of drugs. In: Taylor JB, Triggle DJ (eds) Comprehensive medicinal chemistry II. Elsevier, Oxford, Sect 5.13

    Google Scholar 

  62. Malkia A, Murtomaki L, Urtti A, Kontturi K (2004) Eur J Pharm Sci 23:13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Alsenz J, Kansy M (2007) Adv Drug Deliv Rev 59:546

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Bergstrom CAS, Wassvik CM, Johansson K, Hubatsch I (2007) J Med Chem 50:5858

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Kola I, Landis J (2004) Nat Rev Drug Discov 3:711

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Pearlstein R, Vaz R, Rampe D (2003) J Med Chem 46:2017

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Raschi E, Vasina V, Poluzzi E, De Ponti F (2008) Pharmacol Res 57:181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Snyders DJ, Chaudhury A (1996) Mol Pharmacol 49:949

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Kiehn J, Lacerda AE, Wible B, Brown AM (1996) Circulation 94:2572

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Dubin AE, Nasser N, Rohrbacher J, Hermans AN, Marrannes R, Grantham C, Van Rossem K, Cik M, Chaplan SR, Gallacher D, Xu J, Guia A, Byrne NG, Mathes C (2005) J Biomol Screen 10:168

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Raab CE, Butcher JW, Connolly TM, Karczewski J, Yu N, Staskiewicz S, Liverton N, Dean DC, Melillo DG (2006) Bioorg Med Chem Lett 16:1692

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Singleton DH (2007) J Med Chem 50:2391

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Fernandez D, Ghanta A, Kauffman GW, Sanguinetti MC (2004) J Biol Chem 279:10120

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Cavalli A, Poluzzi E, De Ponti F, Recanatini M (2002) J Med Chem 45:3844

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Aronov A (2006) J Med Chem 49:6917

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Cianchetta G, Li Y, Kang J, Rampe D, Fravolini A, Cruciani G, Vaz RJ (2005) Bioorg Med Chem Lett 15:3637

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Song M, Clark M (2006) J Chem Inf Model 46:392

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Waring MJ, Johnstone C (2007) Bioorg Med Chem Lett 17:1759

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Muto S, Miyata K, Tsutsumibata C, Daigo H, Ooro T, Sugiura K, Baba H, Uno Y (2006) Top Issues Appl Microbiol Biotech 1

    Google Scholar 

  80. Kirpnick Z, Homiski M, Rubitski E, Repnevskaya M, Howlett N, Aubrecht J, Schiestl RH (2005) Mutat Res 582:116

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Avlasevich SL, Bryce SM, Cairns SE, Dertinger SD (2006) Environ Mol Mutagen 47:56

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Greene N (2006) Computational models to predict toxicity. In: Taylor JB, Triggle DJ (eds) Comprehensive medicinal chemistry II. Elsevier, Oxford, Sect 5

    Google Scholar 

  83. Egan WJ, Zlokarnik G, Grootenhuis PDJ (2004) Drug Discov Today Tech 1:381

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Contrera JF, Matthews EJ, Kruhlak NL, Benz RD (2005) Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 43:313

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Murray M (2005) Mod Biopharm 4:1603

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Hayashi M, Kamata E, Hirose A, Takahashi M, Morita T, Ema M (2005) Mutat Res 588:129

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Matthews EJ, Kruhlak NL, Cimino MC, Benz RD, Contrera JF (2006) Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 44:97

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Didziapetris R, Reynolds DP, Japertas P, Zmuidinavicius D, Petrauskas A (2006) Curr Comp Drug Des 2:95

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Snyder RD (2007) Mutat Res 623:72

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Hop CECA, Kalgutkar A, Soglia J (2006) Annu Rep Med Chem 41:369

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Williams DP, Park BK (2003) Drug Discov Today 8:1044

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Walgren JL, Mitchell MD, Thompson DC (2005) Crit Rev Toxicol 35:325

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Park BK, Kitteringham NR, Maggs JL, Pirmohamed M, Williams DP (2005) Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 45:177

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Roth RA, Luyendyk JP, Maddox JF, Ganey PE (2003) J Pharmacol Exp Ther 307

    Google Scholar 

  95. Kalgutkar AS, Obach RS, Maurer TS (2007) Curr Drug Metab 8:407

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Blagg J (2006) Annu Rep Med Chem 41:369

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Soglia JR, Harriman SP, Zhao S, Barberia J, Cole MJ, Boyd JG, Contillo LG (2004) J Pharm Biomed Anal 36:105

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Zheng J, Ma L, Xin B, Olah T, Griffith Humphreys W, Zhu M (2007) Chem Res Toxicol 20:757

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Poulain R, Horvath D, Bonnet B, Eckhoff C, Chapelain B, Bodinier M-C, Deprez B (2001) J Med Chem 44:3391

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Fliri AF, Loging WT, Thadeio PF, Volkmann RA (2005) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:261

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Schnecke V, Bostrom J (2006) Drug Discov Today 11:43

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Beresford AP, Segall M, Tarbit MH (2004) Curr Opin Drug Discov Dev 7:36

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Ekins S, Swaan PW (2004) Development of computational models for enzymes, transporters, channels, and receptors relevant to ADME/tox. In: Lipkowitz KB, Larter R, Cundari TR (eds) Reviews in computational chemistry, vol. 20. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, chap 6

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  104. Penzotti J, Landrum GA, Putta S (2004) Curr Opin Drug Discov Dev 7:49

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Bergstrom CAS (2005) Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 1:613

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Yu H, Adedoyin A (2003) Drug Discov Today 8:852

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Davies JW, Glick M, Jenkins JL (2006) Curr Opin Chem Biol 10:343

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Faller B, Ertl P (2007) Adv Drug Deliv Rev 59:533

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Delaney JS (2005) Drug Discov Today 10:289

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Bergstrom CAS (2005) Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 1:613

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Arimoto R (2006) Curr Top Med Chem 6:1609

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Snyder RD, Smith MD (2005) Drug Discov Today 10:1119

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Clark DE (2005) Computational prediction of blood-brain barrier permeation. In Doherty A (ed) Annual reports in medicinal chemistry. Elsevier, Oxford, p 413

    Google Scholar 

  114. Hutzler JM, Messing DM, Wienkers LC (2005) Curr Opin Drug Discov Dev 8:51

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Ekins S, Balakin KV, Savchuk N, Ivanenkov Y (2006) J Med Chem 49:5059

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Johnson SR, Yue H, Conder ML, Shi H, Doweyko AM, Lloyd J, Levesque P (2007) Bioorg Med Chem 15:6182

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Kevin D. Freeman-Cook or Daniel W. Kung .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Freeman-Cook, K.D., Kung, D.W. (2009). Hit Triage: Medicinal Chemistry Strategies to Improve the Odds of Success in Discovery. In: Hayward, M.M., et al. Lead-Seeking Approaches. Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, vol 5. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/7355_2009_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics