Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) visualization of brain components in vivo is a rapidlygrowing field. Molecular imaging with PET is also increasingly used in drug development, especiallyfor the determination of drug receptor interaction for CNS-active drugs. This gives the opportunityto relate clinical efficacy to per cent receptor occupancy of a drug on a certain targetedreceptor and to relate drug pharmacokinetics in plasma to interaction with target protein. In thepresent review we will focus on the study of transporters, such as the monoamine transporters, theP-glycoprotein (Pgp) transporter, the vesicular monoamine transporter type 2, and the glucosetransporter using PET radioligands. Neurotransmitter transporters are presynaptically located andin vivo imaging using PET can therefore be used for the determination of the density of afferent neurons.Several promising PET ligands for the noradrenaline transporter (NET) have been labeled and evaluatedin vivo including in man, but a really useful PET ligand for NET still remains to be identified.The most promising tracer to date is (S,S)-[18F]FMeNER-D2.The in vivo visualization of the dopamine transporter (DAT) may give clues in the evaluation of conditionsrelated to dopamine, such as Parkinson's disease and drug abuse. The first PET radioligands basedon cocaine were not selective, but more recently several selective tracers such as [11C]PE2Ihave been characterized and shown to be suitable as PET radioligands. Although there are a largenumber of serotonin transporter inhibitors used today as SSRIs, it was not until very recently, when[11C]McN5652 was synthesized, that this transporter was studied using PET.New candidates as PET radioligands for the SERT have subsequently been developed and [11C]DASBand [11C]MADAM and their analogues are today the most promising ligands.The existing radioligands for Pgp transporters seem to be suitable tools for the study of both peripheraland central drug–Pgp interactions, although [11C]verapamil and [18F]fluoropaclitaxelare probably restricted to use in studies of the blood–brain barrier. The vesicular monoaminetransporter 2 (VMAT2) is another interesting target for diagnostic imaging and [11C]DTBZis a promising tracer. The noninvasive imaging of transporter density as a function ofdisease progression or availability following interaction with blocking drugs is highlighted, includingthe impact on both development of new therapies and the process of developing new drugs. AlthoughCNS-related work focusing on psychiatric disorders is the main focus of this review, other applicationsof PET ligands, such as diagnosis of cancer, diabetes research, and drug interactions with effluxsystems, are also discussed. The use of PET especially in terms of tracer development is brieflydescribed. Finally, it can be concluded that there is an urgent need for new, selective radioligandsfor the study of the transporter systems in the human brain using PET.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Laakso A, Hietala J (2000) Curr Pharm Des 6:1611
Guilloteau D, Chalon S (2005) Curr Pharm Des 11:3237
Valk PE, Bailey DL, Townsend DW, Maisey MN (2003) Positron emission tomography—basic science and clinical applications. Springer, London
Långström B, Bergson G (1980) Radiochem Radioanal Lett 43:47
Långström B, Kihlberg T, Bergström M, Antoni G, Björkman M, Forngren BH, Forngren T, Hartvig P, Markides K, Yngve U, Ögren M (1999) Acta Chem Scand 53:651
Antoni G, Kihlberg T, Långström B (2003) In: Vértes A, Nagy S, Klencsár Z (eds) Handbook of nuclear chemistry, vol 4. Radiochemistry and radiopharmaceutical chemistry in life sciences. Kluwer, The Netherlands, p 119
Antoni G, Långström B (2003) In: Welch MJ, Redvanly CS (eds) Handbook of radiopharmaceuticals: radiochemistry and applications. Wiley, UK, p 141
Logan J (2000) Nucl Med Biol 27:661
Patlak CS, Blasberg RG (1985) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 5:584
De Hevesy G (1923) Biochem J 17:439
Lipinski CA, Lombardo F, Dominy BW, Feeney PJ (2001) Adv Drug Deliv Rev 46:3
Waterhouse RN (2003) Mol Imaging Biol 5:376
Blakely RD, De Felice LJ, Hartzell HC (1994) J Exp Biol 196:263
Zhou J (2004) Drugs Future 29:1235
Paczkowski FA, Bryan-Lluka LJ, Porzgen P, Bruss M, Bonisch H (1999) J Pharmacol Exp Ther 290:761
Macey DJ, Smith HR, Nader MA, Porrino LJ (2003) J Neurosci 23:12
Ding YS, Lin KS, Logan J (2006) Curr Pharm Des 12:3831
Owens MJ, Morgan WN, Plott SJ, Nemeroff CB (1997) J Pharmacol Exp Ther 283:1305
Van Dort ME, Kim JH, Tluczek L, Wieland DM (1997) Nucl Med Biol 24:707
Schou M, Sovago J, Pike VW, Gulyas B, Bogeso KP, Farde L, Halldin C (2006) Mol Imaging Biol 8:1
McConathy J, Owens MJ, Kilts CD, Malveaux EJ, Camp VM, Votaw JR, Nemeroff CB, Goodman MM (2004) Nucl Med Biol 31:705
Zavidovskaia GI (1969) Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 69:594
Strömgren LS, Friderichsen T (1971) Nord Psykiatr Tidsskr 25:119
Haka MS, Kilbourn MR (1989) Int J Radiat Appl Instrum B 16:771
Chumpradit S, Kung MP, Panyachotipun C, Prapansiri V, Foulon C, Brooks BP, Szabo SA, Tejani-Butt S, Frazer A, Kung HF (1992) J Med Chem 35:4492
Wilson AA, Johnson DP, Mozley D, Hussey D, Ginovart N, Nobrega J, Garcia A, Meyer J, Houle S (2003) Nucl Med Biol 30:85
Logan J, Ding YS, Lin KS, Pareto D, Fowler J, Biegon A (2005) Nucl Med Biol 32:531
Severance AJ, Milak MS, Kumar JS, Prabhakaran J, Majo VJ, Simpson NR, Van Heertum RL, Arango V, Mann JJ, Parsey RV (2007) Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 34:688
Ding YS, Lin KS, Garza V, Carter P, Alexoff D, Logan J, Shea C, Xu Y, King P (2003) Synapse 50:345
Öhman D, Norlander B, Peterson C, Bengtsson F (2001) Ther Drug Monit 23:27
Schou M, Halldin C, Sovago J, Pike VW, Gulyas B, Mozley PD, Johnson DP, Hall H, Innis RB, Farde L (2003) Nucl Med Biol 30:707
Schou M, Halldin C, Pike VW, Mozley PD, Dobson D, Innis RB, Farde L, Hall H (2005) Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 15:517
Schou M, Halldin C, Sovago J, Pike VW, Hall H, Gulyas B, Mozley PD, Dobson D, Shchukin E, Innis RB, Farde L (2004) Synapse 53:57
Hall H, Halldin C, Guilloteau D, Chalon S, Emond P, Besnard J, Farde L, Sedvall G (1999) NeuroImage 9:108
Hurd YL, Pristupa ZB, Herman MM, Niznik HB, Kleinman JE (1994) Neuroscience 63:357
Piggott MA, Marshall EF, Thomas N, Lloyd S, Court JA, Jaros E, Burn D, Johnson M, Perry RH, McKeith IG, Ballard C, Perry EK (1999) Brain 122:1449
Prunier C, Payoux P, Guilloteau D, Chalon S, Giraudeau B, Majorel C, Tafani M, Bezard E, Esquerre JP, Baulieu JL (2003) J Nucl Med 44:663
Tissingh G, Bergmans P, Booij J, Winogrodzka A, Van Royen EA, Stoof JC, Wolters EC (1998) J Neurol 245:14
Shih MC, Hoexter MQ, Andrade LA, Bressan RA (2006) Sao Paulo Med J 124:168
Costa DC, Walker Z, Walker RW, Fontes FR (2003) Mov Disord 18(Suppl 7):S34
O'Brien JT, Colloby S, Fenwick J, Williams ED, Firbank M, Burn D, Aarsland D, McKeith IG (2004) Arch Neurol 61:919
Small GW (2004) Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 17(Suppl 1):25
Sjöholm H, Bratlid T, Sundsfjord J (2004) Psychopharmacology (Berl) 173:27
Dean B, Hussain T (2001) Schizophr Res 52:107
Hsiao MC, Lin KJ, Liu CY, Tzen KY, Yen TC (2003) Schizophr Res 65:39
Laakso A, Bergman J, Haaparanta M, Vilkman H, Solin O, Syvälahti E, Hietala J (2001) Schizophr Res 52:115
Marcusson J, Eriksson K (1988) Brain Res 457:122
Innis R, Baldwin R, Sybirska E, Zea Y, Laruelle M, al-Tikriti M, Charney D, Zoghbi S, Smith E, Wisniewski G, Hoffer PB, Wang S, Milius RA, Neumeyer JL (1991) Eur J Pharmacol 200:369
Farde L, Halldin C, Müller L, Suhara T, Karlsson P, Hall H (1994) Synapse 16:93
Neumeyer JL, Wang SY, Gao YG, Milius RA, Kula NS, Campbell A, Baldessarini RJ, Zea-Ponce Y, Baldwin RM, Innis RB (1994) J Med Chem 37:1558
Benamer TS, Patterson J, Grosset DG, Booij J, De Bruin K, Van Royen E, Speelman JD, Horstink MH, Sips HJ, Dierckx RA, Versijpt J, Decoo D, Van Der Linden C, Hadley DM, Doder M, Lees AJ, Costa DC, Gacinovic S, Oertel WH, Pogarell O, Hoeffken H, Joseph K, Tatsch K, Schwarz J, Ries V (2000) Mov Disord 15:503
Catafau AM, Tolosa E (2004) Mov Disord 19:1175
Bergström KA, Halldin C, Hall H, Lundkvist C, Ginovart N, Swahn CG, Farde L (1997) Eur J Nucl Med 24:596
Lundkvist C, Halldin C, Ginovart N, Swahn CG, Farde L (1997) Nucl Med Biol 24:621
Chalon S, Garreau L, Emond P, Zimmer L, Vilar MP, Besnard JC, Guilloteau D (1999) J Pharmacol Exp Ther 291:648
Guilloteau D, Emond P, Baulieu JL, Garreau L, Frangin Y, Pourcelot L, Mauclaire L, Besnard JC, Chalon S (1998) Nucl Med Biol 25:331
Ziebell M, Thomsen G, Knudsen GM, De Nijs R, Svarer C, Wagner A, Pinborg LH (2007) Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 34:101
Pinborg LH, Ziebell M, Frokjaer VG, De Nijs R, Svarer C, Haugbol S, Yndgaard S, Knudsen GM (2005) J Nucl Med 46:1119
Prunier C, Bezard E, Montharu J, Mantzarides M, Besnard JC, Baulieu JL, Gross C, Guilloteau D, Chalon S (2003) NeuroImage 19:810
Jucaite A, Odano I, Olsson H, Pauli S, Halldin C, Farde L (2006) Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 33:657
Halldin C, Erixon-Lindroth N, Pauli S, Chou YH, Okubo Y, Karlsson P, Lundkvist C, Olsson H, Guilloteau D, Emond P, Farde L (2003) Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 30:1220
Leroy C, Comtat C, Trebossen R, Syrota A, Martinot JL, Ribeiro MJ (2007) J Nucl Med 48:538
Dolle F, Emond P, Mavel S, Demphel S, Hinnen F, Mincheva Z, Saba W, Valette H, Chalon S, Halldin C, Helfenbein J, Legaillard J, Madelmont JC, Deloye JB, Bottlaender M, Guilloteau D (2006) Bioorg Med Chem 14:1115
Saba W, Valette H, Schollhorn-Peyronneau MA, Coulon C, Ottaviani M, Chalon S, Dolle F, Emond P, Halldin C, Helfenbein J, Madelmont JC, Deloye JB, Guilloteau D, Bottlaender M (2007) Synapse 61:17
Mantere T, Tupala E, Hall H, Särkioja T, Räsänen P, Bergström K, Callaway J, Tiihonen J (2002) Am J Psychiatry 159:599
Smith HR, Daunais JB, Nader MA, Porrino LJ (1999) Ann NY Acad Sci 877:700
Mukherjee J, Das MK, Yang ZY, Lew R (1998) Nucl Med Biol 25:605
Szabo Z, Scheffel U, Mathews WB, Ravert HT, Szabo K, Kraut M, Palmon S, Ricaurte GA, Dannals RF (1999) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 19:967
Szabo Z, Kao PF, Scheffel U, Suehiro M, Mathews WB, Ravert HT, Musachio JL, Marenco S, Kim SE, Ricaurte GA et al (1995) Synapse 20:37
Suehiro M, Scheffel U, Ravert HT, Dannals RF, Wagner HN Jr (1993) Life Sci 53:883
Ichimiya T, Suhara T, Sudo Y, Okubo Y, Nakayama K, Nankai M, Inoue M, Yasuno F, Takano A, Maeda J, Shibuya H (2002) Biol Psychiatry 51:715
Reivich M, Amsterdam JD, Brunswick DJ, Shiue CY (2004) J Affect Disord 82:321
Brust P, Hinz R, Kuwabara H, Hesse S, Zessin J, Pawelke B, Stephan H, Bergmann R, Steinbach J, Sabri O (2003) Neuropsychopharmacology 28:2010
Kretzschmar M, Brust P, Zessin J, Cumming P, Bergmann R, Johannsen B (2003) Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 13:387
Reneman L, Booij J, Lavalaye J, De Bruin K, De Wolff FA, Koopmans RP, Stoof JC, Den Heeten GJ (1999) Synapse 34:77
Hiltunen J, Åkerman KK, Kuikka JT, Bergström KA, Halldin C, Nikula T, Räsänen P, Tiihonen J, Vauhkonen M, Karhu J, Kupila J, Lansimies E, Farde L (1998) Eur J Nucl Med 25:19
Ginovart N, Wilson AA, Meyer JH, Hussey D, Houle S (2001) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 21:1342
Houle S, Ginovart N, Hussey D, Meyer JH, Wilson AA (2000) Eur J Nucl Med 27:1719
Wilson AA, Ginovart N, Hussey D, Meyer J, Houle S (2002) Nucl Med Biol 29:509
Meyer JH (2007) J Psychiatry Neurosci 32:86
Lundquist P, Wilking H, Höglund AU, Sandell J, Bergström M, Hartvig P, Långström B (2005) Nucl Med Biol 32:129
Ginovart N, Wilson AA, Meyer JH, Hussey D, Houle S (2003) Synapse 47:123
Lundberg J, Halldin C, Farde L (2006) Synapse 60:256
Lundberg J, Odano I, Olsson H, Halldin C, Farde L (2005) J Nucl Med 46:1505
Fang P, Shiue GG, Shimazu T, Greenberg JH, Shiue CY (2004) Appl Radiat Isot 61:1247
Huang Y, Hwang DR, Narendran R, Sudo Y, Chatterjee R, Bae SA, Mawlawi O, Kegeles LS, Wilson AA, Kung HF, Laruelle M (2002) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 22:1377
Jarkas N, Votaw JR, Voll RJ, Williams L, Camp VM, Owens MJ, Purselle DC, Bremner JD, Kilts CD, Nemeroff CB, Goodman MM (2005) Nucl Med Biol 32:211
Jarkas N, McConathy J, Votaw JR, Voll RJ, Malveaux E, Camp VM, Williams L, Goodman RR, Kilts CD, Goodman MM (2005) Nucl Med Biol 32:75
Scherman D, Raisman R, Ploska A, Agid Y (1988) J Neurochem 50:1131
Kilbourn MR (1997) Nucl Med Biol 24:615
Batchelor M, Schenk JO (1998) J Neurosci 18:10304
DaSilva JN, Carey JE, Sherman PS, Pisani TJ, Kilbourn MR (1994) Nucl Med Biol 21:151
Frey KA, Koeppe RA, Kilbourn MR, Vander Borght TM, Albin RL, Gilman S, Kuhl DE (1996) Ann Neurol 40:873
Bohnen NI, Albin RL, Koeppe RA, Wernette KA, Kilbourn MR, Minoshima S, Frey KA (2006) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 26:1198
Simpson NR, Souza F, Witkowski P, Maffei A, Raffo A, Herron A, Kilbourn M, Jurewicz A, Herold K, Liu E, Hardy MA, Van Heertum R, Harris PE (2006) Nucl Med Biol 33:855
Schinkel AH, Jonker JW (2003) Adv Drug Deliv Rev 55:3
Tan B, Piwnica-Worms D, Ratner L (2000) Curr Opin Oncol 12:450
Kortekaas R, Leenders KL, Van Oostrom JC, Vaalburg W, Bart J, Willemsen AT, Hendrikse NH (2005) Ann Neurol 57:176
Hendrikse NH, Franssen EJ, Van der Graaf WT, Vaalburg W, De Vries EG (1999) Eur J Nucl Med 26:283
Del Vecchio S, Ciarmiello A, Pace L, Potena MI, Carriero MV, Mainolfi C, Thomas R, D'Aiuto G, Tsuruo T, Salvatore M (1997) J Nucl Med 38:1348
Sikic BI, Fisher GA, Lum BL, Halsey J, Beketic-Oreskovic L, Chen G (1997) Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 40(Suppl):S13
Marian T, Szabo G, Goda K, Nagy H, Szincsak N, Juhasz I, Galuska L, Balkay L, Mikecz P, Tron L, Krasznai Z (2003) Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 30:1147
Fukumoto M, Yoshida D, Hayase N, Kurohara A, Akagi N, Yoshida S (1999) Cancer 86:1470
Sharma V, Beatty A, Wey SP, Dahlheimer J, Pica CM, Crankshaw CL, Bass L, Green MA, Welch MJ, Piwnica-Worms D (2000) Chem Biol 7:335
Sharma V (2004) Bioconjug Chem 15:1464
Sharma V, Prior JL, Belinsky MG, Kruh GD, Piwnica-Worms D (2005) J Nucl Med 46:354
Levchenko A, Mehta BM, Lee JB, Humm JL, Augensen F, Squire O, Kothari PJ, Finn RD, Leonard EF, Larson SM (2000) J Nucl Med 41:493
Bart J, Dijkers EC, Wegman TD, De Vries EG, Van der Graaf WT, Groen HJ, Vaalburg W, Willemsen AT, Hendrikse NH (2005) Br J Pharmacol 145:1045
Hendrikse NH, Vaalburg W (2002) Novartis Found Symp 243:137
Hendrikse NH, De Vries EG, Franssen EJ, Vaalburg W, Van der Graaf WT (2001) Eur J Clin Pharmacol 56:827
Luurtsema G, Molthoff CF, Schuit RC, Windhorst AD, Lammertsma AA, Franssen EJ (2005) Nucl Med Biol 32:87
Nelson WL, Olsen LD, Beitner DB, Pallow RJ Jr (1988) Drug Metab Dispos 16:184
Hsiao P, Sasongko L, Link JM, Mankoff DA, Muzi M, Collier AC, Unadkat JD (2006) J Pharmacol Exp Ther 317:704
Bart J, Willemsen AT, Groen HJ, Van der Graaf WT, Wegman TD, Vaalburg W, De Vries EG, Hendrikse NH (2003) NeuroImage 20:1775
Hendrikse NH, Schinkel AH, De Vries EG, Fluks E, Van der Graaf WT, Willemsen AT, Vaalburg W, Franssen EJ (1998) Br J Pharmacol 124:1413
Syvänen S, Blomquist G, Sprycha M, Höglund UA, Roman M, Eriksson O, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Långström B, Bergström M (2006) NeuroImage 32:1134
Sasongko L, Link JM, Muzi M, Mankoff DA, Yang X, Collier AC, Shoner SC, Unadkat JD (2005) Clin Pharmacol Ther 77:503
Toornvliet R, Van Berckel BN, Luurtsema G, Lubberink M, Geldof AA, Bosch TM, Oerlemans R, Lammertsma AA, Franssen EJ (2006) Clin Pharmacol Ther 79:540
Vogelgesang S, Cascorbi I, Schroeder E, Pahnke J, Kroemer HK, Siegmund W, Kunert-Keil C, Walker LC, Warzok RW (2002) Pharmacogenetics 12:535
Kurdziel KA, Kiesewetter DO, Carson RE, Eckelman WC, Herscovitch P (2003) J Nucl Med 44:1330
Kiesewetter DO, Jagoda EM, Kao CH, Ma Y, Ravasi L, Shimoji K, Szajek LP, Eckelman WC (2003) Nucl Med Biol 30:11
Gambhir SS, Czernin J, Schwimmer J, Silverman DH, Coleman RE, Phelps ME (2001) J Nucl Med 42:1S
Mosconi L (2005) Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 32:486
Di Carli MF (1998) Cardiol Rev 6:290
Kunkel M, Reichert TE, Benz P, Lehr HA, Jeong JH, Wieand S, Bartenstein P, Wagner W, Whiteside TL (2003) Cancer 97:1015
Kato H, Takita J, Miyazaki T, Nakajima M, Fukai Y, Masuda N, Fukuchi M, Manda R, Ojima H, Tsukada K, Kuwano H, Oriuchi N, Endo K (2003) Anticancer Res 23:3263
Mamede M, Higashi T, Kitaichi M, Ishizu K, Ishimori T, Nakamoto Y, Yanagihara K, Li M, Tanaka F, Wada H, Manabe T, Saga T (2005) Neoplasia 7:369
Reske SN, Grillenberger KG, Glatting G, Port M, Hildebrandt M, Gansauge F, Beger HG (1997) J Nucl Med 38:1344
Simpson IA, Carruthers A, Vannucci SJ (2007) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab
Vannucci SJ, Clark RR, Koehler-Stec E, Li K, Smith CB, Davies P, Maher F, Simpson IA (1998) Dev Neurosci 20:369
Paternostro G, Pagano D, Gnecchi-Ruscone T, Bonser RS, Camici PG (1999) Cardiovasc Res 42:246
Oquendo MA, Krunic A, Parsey RV, Milak M, Malone KM, Anderson A, Van Heertum RL, Mann JJ (2005) Neuropsychopharmacology 30:1163
Nordberg A, Lilja A, Lundqvist H, Hartvig P, Amberla K, Viitanen M, Warpman U, Johansson M, Hellstrom-Lindahl E, Bjurling P et al (1992) Neurobiol Aging 13:747
Kelloff GJ, Hoffman JM, Johnson B, Scher HI, Siegel BA, Cheng EY, Cheson BD, O'Shaughnessy J, Guyton KZ, Mankoff DA, Shankar L, Larson SM, Sigman CC, Schilsky RL, Sullivan DC (2005) Clin Cancer Res 11:2785
Dutka DP, Camici PG (2003) Heart Fail Rev 8:167
Landau BR, Spring-Robinson CL, Muzic RF Jr, Rachdaoui N, Rubin D, Berridge MS, Schumann WC, Chandramouli V, Kern TS, Ismail-Beigi F (2007) Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 293:E237
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Antoni, G., Sörensen, J., Hall, H. (2008). Molecular Imaging of Transporters with Positron Emission Tomography. In: Napier, S., Bingham, M. (eds) Transporters as Targets for Drugs. Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, vol 4. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/7355_2008_025
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/7355_2008_025
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-87911-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-87912-1
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)