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Cysteine Metabolism and Its Regulation in Bacteria

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Book cover Amino Acid Biosynthesis ~ Pathways, Regulation and Metabolic Engineering

Part of the book series: Microbiology Monographs ((MICROMONO,volume 5))

Abstract

Sulfur is necessary for the synthesis of cysteine. Microorganisms can use sulfate, thiosulfate or sulfonates as sole sulfur sources. These compounds are taken up by specific transporters followed by the conversion of sulfate or sulfonates into sulfide in 2 to 4 steps. The biosynthesis of cysteine from serine in bacteria is carried out by a two-step pathway beginning with the O-acetylation of serine, followed by O-re placement of the acetyl group by sulfide or thiosulfate. Some microorganisms can also use methionine or cysteine-derived compounds such as glutathione as sole sulfur source. Glutathione is degraded to liberate cysteine, whereas methionine is converted into cysteine via the reverse transsulfuration pathway or via methanethiol formation. Cysteine is also taken up directly from the environment by ABC transporters or symporters mainly as cystine, the disulfide-linked cysteine dimer. Several mechanisms are involved in the control of the intracellular concentration of cysteine, which is a highly reactive compound due to its –SH group. This amino acid is degraded mainly by cysteine desulfhydrases or is excreted by exporters. A large variety of molecular mechanisms participate in fine-tuning the regulation of cysteine metabolism: positive regulation by LysR-type regulators, negative control by repressors of the Rrf2 or TetR family and regulation by premature termination of transcription. In Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, a global regulator, CysB and CymR, respectively, controls cysteine synthesis and transport in response to O-acetylserine or its derivative N-acetyl-serine availability. In Lactococcus lactis and Corynebacterium glutamicum, a unique regulator modulates the methionine and cysteine metabolisms. Cysteine or derivative compounds are biotechnically interesting. Fermentation processes with E. coli or C. glutamicum involving mutants insensitive to feedback inhibition by cysteine and also strains overproducing cysteine exporters or inactivated for cysteine degradative enzymes are currently being developed.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Pierre Burguière and Brice Sperandio whose PhD theses have been extremely helpful for the writing of this paper. We are grateful to Sandrine Auger and Olga Soutourina for critical reading of the paper. This research was supported by grants from the “Ministère de l'Education Nationale de la Recherche et de la Technologie”, the “Institut National de la Recherche argronomique” (UR895), the “Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique” (URA 2171), the “Institut Pasteur” and the “Université Paris 7”.

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  1. Laboratoire de Génétique Microbienne, UR895, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352, Jouy en Josas, France

    Eric Guédon

  2. Unité de Génétique des Génomes Bactériens, Institut Pasteur, URA CNRS 2171, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France

    Isabelle Martin-Verstraete

  3. France and UFR de Biochimie, Université Paris 7-Denis Diderot, 2 place Jussieu, 75251, Paris, France

    Isabelle Martin-Verstraete

Authors
  1. Eric Guédon
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  2. Isabelle Martin-Verstraete
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Correspondence to Isabelle Martin-Verstraete .

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Volker F. Wendisch

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© 2006 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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Guédon, E., Martin-Verstraete, I. (2006). Cysteine Metabolism and Its Regulation in Bacteria. In: Wendisch, V.F. (eds) Amino Acid Biosynthesis ~ Pathways, Regulation and Metabolic Engineering. Microbiology Monographs, vol 5. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/7171_2006_060

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