Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Differential Gene Expression During Somatic Embryogenesis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Somatic Embryogenesis

Part of the book series: Plant Cell Monographs ((CELLMONO,volume 2))

Abstract

Somatic embryogenesis is a complex developmental program in which somatic cells are induced for a commitment towards forming totipotent embryogenic cells capable of becoming complete plants. Plant somatic embryogenesis has been the choice model system to explore the earliest regulatory and morphogenetic events in the life of the plant. Somatic embryos are similar to zygotic embryos and undergo almost the same developmental stages except for the acquisition of embryogenic competence. Common regulatory mechanisms probably operate in the early stages in both types of embryogenesis and hence it is possible to investigate somatic embryogenesis either by analysis of the expression of genes (isolated and characterized in zygotic embryos) in somatic embryos or by analyzing the differential expression of genes in embryogenic and nonembryogenic tissues. Studies have been conducted either to identify the genes expressed and gene products that accumulate specifically during different stages of embryogenesis or to analyze the expression of a variety of genes that probably have some role in the embryogenic pathway. More often this has involved the comparison of somatic embryos, embryogenic callus or cells and embryos at an early stage. This review will cover the aspects outlined above and discuss current information.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Abel S, Theologis A (1996) Early genes and auxin action. Plant Physiol 111:9–17

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Alexandrova KS, Conger BV (2002) Isolation of two somatic embryogenesis-related genes from orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata). Plant Sci 162:301–307

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Anil VS, Rao KS (2000) Calcium mediated signaling during sandalwood somatic embryogenesis. Role for exogenous calcium as second messenger. Plant Physiol 123:1301–1311

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Anil VS, Harmon AC, Rao KS (2000) Spatio-temporal accumulation and activity of Calcium-dependent protein kinases during embryogenesis, seed development, and germination in sandalwood. Plant Physiol 122:1035–1043

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Balestrazzi A, Toscano I, Bernacchia G, Luo M, Otte S, Carbonera D (1996) Cloning of a cDNA encoding DNA topoisomerase I in Daucus carota and expression analysis in relation to cell proliferation. Gene 183:183–190

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Balestrazzi A, Bernacchia G, Pitto L, Luccarni G, Carbonera D (2001) Spatial expression of DNA topoisomerase I genes during cell proliferation in Daucus carota. Eur J Histochem 45:31–38

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Baudino S, Hansen S, Brettschneider R, Hecht VF, Dresselhaus T, Lorz H, Dumas C, Rogowsky PM (2001) Molecular characterisation of two novel maize LRR receptor-like kinases, which belong to the SERK gene family. Planta 213:1–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bishop-Hurley SL, Gardner RC, Walter C (2003) Isolation and characterization of genes expressed during somatic embryo development in Pinus radiata. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 74:267–281

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Chugh A, Khurana P (2002) Gene expression during somatic embryogenesis–-recent advances. Curr Sci 86:715–730

    Google Scholar 

  10. Coca MA, Almoguera C, Jordano J (1994) Expression of sunflower low-moelcular-weight heat-shock proteins during embryogenesis and persistence after germination: localization and possible functional implications. Plant Mol Biol 25:479–492

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Cyr RJ, Bustos MM, Guiltinan MJ, Fosket DE (1987) Developmental modulation of tubulin protein and mRNA levels during somatic embryogenesis in cultured carrot cells. Planta 171:365–376

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Daveletova S, Meszaros T, Miskolczi P, Obershall A, Torok K, Magyar Z, Dudits D, Deak M (2001) Auxin and heat shock activation of a novel member of the calmodulin like domain protein kinase gene family in cultured alfalfa cells. J Exp Bot 52:215–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Dodeman VL, Ducreux G (1996) Total protein pattern expression during induction and development of carrot somatic embryos. Plant Sci 120:57–69

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Dodeman VL, Ducreux G, Kreis M (1997) Zygotic embryogenesis versus somatic embryogenesis. J Exp Bot 48:1493–1509

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Dodeman VL, Le Guilloux M, Ducreux G, de Vienne D (1998) Somatic and zygotic embryos of Daucus carota L. display different protein patterns until conversion to plants. Plant Cell Physiol 39:104–111

    Google Scholar 

  16. Dong J, Dunstan DI (2000) Expression of abundant mRNAs during somatic embryogenesis of white spruce. Planta 199:459–466

    Google Scholar 

  17. Dudits D, Bogre L, Gyorgyey J (1991) Molecular and cellular approaches to the analysis of plant embryo development from somatic cells in vitro. J Cell Sci 99:475–484

    Google Scholar 

  18. Dudits D, Gyorgyey J, Bogre L, Bako L (1995) Molecular biology of somatic embryogenesis. In: Thorpe TA (ed) In vitro embryogenesis in plants. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 267–308

    Google Scholar 

  19. Feher A, Pasternak TP, Dudits D (2003) Transition of somatic plant cells to an embryogenic state. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 74:201–228

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Figueroa FQ, Mendez-Zeel M, Teyer FS, Rojas-Herrera R, Loyola-Vargas VM (2002) Differential gene expression in embryogenic and non-embryogenic cell clusters from cell suspension cultures of Coffea arabica. J Plant Physiol 159:1267–1270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Fowler MR, Ong LM, Russinova E, Atanassov AI, Scott NW, Slater A, Eliott MC (1998) Early changes in gene expression during direct somatic embryogenesis in alfalfa revealed by RAP-PCR. J Exp Bot 49:249–253

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Galland R, Randoux B, Vasseur J, Hilbert JL (2001) A glutathione S-transferase cDNA identified by mRNA differential display is upregulated during somatic embryogenesis in Cichorium. Biochim Biophys Acta 1522:212–216

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Giroux RW, Pauls KP (1997) Characterization of somatic embryogenesis-related cDNAs from alfalfa (Medicago sativaL). Plant Mol Biol 33:393–404

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Goldberg RB, Barker SJ, Perez-Grau L (1989) Regulation of gene expression during plant embryogenesis. Cell 56:149–160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Goldberg RB, de Paiva G, Yadegari R (1994) Plant embryogenesis: zygote to seed. Science 266:605–614

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Guilfoyle TJ (1999) Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Hormones. In: Libbenga KR, Hall M, Hooykaas PJJ (eds) Biochemistry and molecular biology of plant hormones. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 423–459

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  27. Hagen G, Guilfoyle TJ (2002) Auxin-responsive gene expression: genes, promoters and regulatory factors. Plant Mol Biol 49:373–385

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Hagen G, Kleinschmidt A, Guilfoyle TJ (1984) Auxin-regulated gene expression in intact soybean hypocotyl and excised hypocotyl sections. Planta 162:147–153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Hagen G, Martin G, Li Y, Guilfoyle TJ (1991) Auxin-induced expression of the soybean GH3 promoter in transgenic tobacco plants. Plant Mol Biol 17:567–579

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hata S, Kouchi H, Suzuka I, Ishii T (1991) Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones for plant cyclins. EMBO J 10:2681–2688

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Hecht V, Vielle-Calzada J-P, Hartog MV, Schmidt ED, Boutilier K, Grossnikaulus U, de Vries SC (2001) The Arabidopsis somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase-1 gene is expressed in developing ovules and embryos and enhances embryogenic competence in culture. Plant Physiol 127:803–816

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Henry Y, Vain P, De Buyser J (1994) Genetic analysis of in vitro plant tissue culture responses and regeneration capacities. Euphytica 79:45–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Higashi K, Shiota H, Kamada H (1998) Patterns of expression of the genes for glutamine synthetase isoforms during somatic and zygotic embryogenesis in carrot. Plant Cell Physiol 39:418–424

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Hirt H (2000) Connecting oxidative stress, auxin and cell cycle regulation through a plant Mitogen activated protein kinase pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:2405–2407

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Hirt H, Pay A, Gyorgyey J, Bako L, Nemet K, Bogre L, Schweyen RJ, Heberle-Bors E, Dudits D (1991) Complementation of a yeast cell cycle mutant by an alfalfa cDNA encoding a protein kinase homologous to p34cdc2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:1636–1640

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Jansen MAK, Booij H, Schel JHN, de Vries SC (1990) Calcium increases the yield of somatic embryos in carrot embryogenic suspension cultures. Plant Cell Rep 9:221–223

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Kawahara R, Komamine A (1995) Molecular basis of somatic embryogenesis. In: Bajaj YPS (ed) Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry, vol 30. Somatic embryogenesis and synthetic seed I. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 30–40

    Google Scholar 

  38. Kawahara R, Sunabori S, Fukuda H, Komamine A (1992) A gene expressed preferentially in the globular stage of somatic embryogenesis encodes elongation-factor 1αin carrot. Eur J Biochem 209:157–162

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kitamiya E, Suzuki S, Sano T, Nagata T (2000) Isolation of two genes that were induced upon initiation of somatic embryogenesis on carrot hypocotyls by high concentrations of 2,4-D. Plant Cell Rep 19:551–557

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Kiyosue T, Shiota H, Higashi K, Kamada H, Shinozaki K (1998) A chromo box gene from carrot (Daucus carota L.): its cDNA structure and expression during somatic and zygotic embryogenesis. Biochem Biophysica Acta 1398:42–46

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Kiyosue T, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K, Higashi K, Satoh S, Kamada H, Harada H (1992) Isolation and characterization of a cDNA that encodes ECP31, an embryogenic-cell protein from carrot. Plant Mol Biol 19:239–249

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Ko S, Thitamadee S, Yang H, Eun CH, Sage-Ono K, Higashi K, Satoh S, Kamada H (2001) Comparison and characterization of cis-regulatory regions in some embryo specific and ABA-responsive carrot genes, DcECPs. Plant Biotech 18(1):45–54

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Komamine A, Kawahara R, Matsumoto M, Sunabori S, Toya T, Fujiwara A, Tsukuhara M, Smith J, Ito M, Fukuda H, Nomura K, Fujimura T (1992) Mechanisms of somatic embryogenesis in cell cultures: physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 28:11–14

    Google Scholar 

  44. Komamine A, Murata N, Nomura K (2005) Mechanisms of somatic embryogenesis in carrot suspension cultures–-morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology. In Vitro Cell Develop Biol-Plant 41:6–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Leal I, Misra S (1993) Molecular cloning and characterization of a legumin-like storage protein cDNA of Douglas fir seeds. Plant Mol Biol 21:709–715

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Linacero MR, Lopez-Bilbao MG, Vazquez AM (2001) Expression of different abscisic acid responsive genes during somatic embryogenesis in sugarcane (Saccharum officianarum). Protoplasma 217:199–204

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Lindzen E, Choi JH (1995) A carrot cDNA encoding an atypical protein kinase homologous to plant calcium-dependent protein kinases. Plant Mol Biol 28:785–797

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Ling V, Perera I, Zielinski RE (1991) Primary structures of Arabidopsis calmodulin isoforms deduced from the sequences of cDNA clones. Plant Physiol 96:1196–1202

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Liu W, Hildebrand DF, Moore PJ, Collins GB (1991) Effects of exogenous auxins on expression of lipoxygenases in soybean tissue cultures. Plant Physiol 97:969–976

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. LoSchiavo F, Pitto L, Giulilano G, Torti G, Nuti Ronchi V, Marazziti D, Vergara R, Orselli S, Terzi M (1989) DNA methylation of embryogenic carrot cell cultures and its variation as caused by mutation, differentiation, hormones and hypomethylating drugs. Theor Appl Genet 77:325–331

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Mayer U, Buttner G, Jurgens G (1993) Apical-basal pattern formation in the Arabidopsis embryo: studies on the role of the gnom gene. Development 117:149–162

    Google Scholar 

  52. McClure BA, Hagen G, Brown CS, Gee MA, Guilfoyle T (1989) Transcription, organization, and sequence of an auxin-regulated gene cluster in soybean. Plant Cell 1:229–239.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Meinke DW (1995) Molecular genetics of plant embryogenesis. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 46:369–394

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Mordhorst AP, Toonen MAJ, de Vries SC (1997) Plant embryogenesis. Crit Rev Plant Sci 16:535–576

    Google Scholar 

  55. Overvoorde PJ, Grimes HD (1994) The role of calcium and calmodulin in carrot embryogenesis. Plant Cell Physiol 35:135–144

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Padmanabhan K, Cantliffe DJ, Koch KE (2001) Auxin-regulated gene expression and embryogenic competence in callus cultures of sweet potato, Ipomoea batata (L.) Lam. Plant Cell Rep 20:187–192

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Pasternak T, Prinsen E, Ayaydin F, Miskoleczi P, Potters G, Asard H, Van Onckelen H, Dudtis D, Feher A (2002) The role of auxin, pH and stress in the activation of embryogenic cell division in the leaf protoplast-derived cells of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Plant Physiol 129:1807–1819

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Periera IY, Zielinski R (1992) Structure and expression of the Arabidopsis CaM-3 calmodulin gene. Plant Mol Biol 19:649–664

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Quatrano RS (1987) The role of hormones during seed development. In: Davies PJ (eds) Plant hormones and their role in plant growth and development. Nijhoff, Dordrecht, pp 494–514

    Google Scholar 

  60. Raghavan V (1997) Molecular embryology of flowering plants. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 467–499

    Book  Google Scholar 

  61. Rao KS (1996) Embryogenesis in flowering plants: recent approaches and prospects. J Biosci 21:827–841

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Russinova E, Slater A, Atanassov AI, Eliott MC (1995) Cloning of alfalfa cyclin sequences–-a RACE-PCR approach. Cell Mol Biol 41:703–714

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Sato S, Toya T, Kawahara R, Whittier RF, Fukuda H, Komamine A (1995) Isolation of a carrot gene expressed specifically during early-stage somatic embryogenesis. Plant Mol Biol 28:39–46

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Schel JHN, Kieft H, Van Lammeren AAM (1984) Interactions between embryo and endosperm during early developmental stages of maize caryopses (Zea mays). Can J Bot 62:2842–2853

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Schmidt EDL, De Jong AJ, de Vries SC (1994) Signal molecules involved in plant embryogenesis. Plant Mol Biol 26:1305–1313

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Schmidt EDL, Guzzo F, Toonen MAJ, de Vries SC (1997) A leucine-rich repeat containing receptor-like kinase marks somatic plant cells competent to form embryos. Development 124:2049–2062

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Schrader S, Kaldenhoff R, Richter G (1997) Expression of novel genes during somatic embryogenesis of suspension-cultured carrot cells (Daucus carota). J Plant Physiol 150:63–68

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Shah K, Schmidt EDL, Vlak JM, de Vries SC (2001a) Expression of the Daucus carota somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase (DcSERK) protein in insect cells. Biochimie 83:415–421

    Google Scholar 

  69. Shah K, Gadella TW Jr, van Erp H, Hecht V, de Vries SC (2001b) Subcellular localization and oligomerization of the Arabidopsis thaliana somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase 1 protein. J Mol Biol 309:641–655

    Google Scholar 

  70. Somleva MN, Schmidt EDL, de Vries SC (2000) Embryogenic cells in Dactylis glomerata L. (Poaceae) explants identified by cell tracking and by SERK expression. Plant Cell Rep 19:718–726

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Sopory SK, Munshi M (1998) Protein kinases and phosphatases and their role in cellular signalling in plants. Crit Rev Plant Sci 17:245–318

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Sterk P, Booij H, Schellekens GA, van Kammen A, de Vries SC (1991) Cell-specific expression of the carrot EP2 lipid transfer protein gene. Plant Cell 3:907–912

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Suprasanna P, Rao PS (1997) Somatic embryogenesis in crop plants. In: Ramana Rao TV, Kothari IL (eds) Plant structure and morphogenesis. Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, India, pp 29–35

    Google Scholar 

  74. Suprasanna P, Desai NS, Nishanth G, Ghosh SB, Laxmi N, Bapat VA (2004) Differential gene expression in embryogenic, non-embryogenic and desiccation induced cultures of sugarcane. Sugar Technol 6(4):305–309

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Timmers ACJ, de Vries SC, Schel JHN (1989) Distribution of membrane-bound calcium and activated camoldulin during somatic embryogenesis of carrot (Daucus carota L.). Protoplasma 153:24–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Timmers ACJ, Reiss HD, Bohsung J, Traxel K, Schel JHN (1996) Localization of calcium during somatic embryogenesis of carrot (Daucus carota L.). Protoplasma 190:107–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Toonen MAJ, Verhees JA, Schmidt EDL, van Kammen A, de Vries SC (1997b) AtLTP1 luciferase expression during carrot somatic embryogenesis. Plant J 12:1213–1221

    Google Scholar 

  78. Torii KU, Mitsukawa N, Oosumi T, Matsuura Y, Yokoyama R, Whittier RF, Komeda Y (1996) The Arabidopsis ERECTA gene encodes a putative receptor protein kinase with extracellular leucine-rich repeats. Plant Cell 8:735–740

    Google Scholar 

  79. von Arnold S, Izabela S, Bozhkov P, Julia D, Lada F (2002) Developmental pathways of somatic embryogenesis. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 69:233–249

    Google Scholar 

  80. Walker JC (1994) Structure and function of the receptor-like protein kinases of higher plants. Plant Mol Biol 26:1599–1609

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Walker JC, Key JL (1982) Isolation of cloned cDNAs to auxin-responsive poly(A)+ RNAs of elongating soybean hypocotyl. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:7185–7189

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Wilde HD, Seffens WS, Thomas TL (1995) Gene expression in somatic embryos. In: Bajaj YPS (ed) Somatic embryogenesis and synthetic seed I. Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry. vol 30. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg New York, pp 41–52

    Google Scholar 

  83. Wilde HD, Nelson WS, Booij H, De Viries SC, Thomas TL (1998) Gene expression programs in embryogenic and non-embryogenic carrot cultures. Planta 176:205–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Wurtle ES, Wang H, Durgerian S, Nikolau BJ, Ulrich TJ (1993) Characterization of a gene that is expressed early in somatic embryogenesis of Daucus carota. Plant Physiol 102:303–312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Yadegari R, de Paiva GR, Laux T, Koltunow AM, Apuya N, Zimmerman JL, Fischer RL, Goldberg RB (1994) Cell differentiation and morphogenesis are uncoupled in Arabidopsis raspberry embryos. Plant Cell 6:1713–1729

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Yang H, Saitou T, Komeda Y, Harada H, Kamada H (1996) Late embryogenesis abundant protein in Arabidopsis thaliana homologous to carrot ECP31. Physiol Plant 98:661–666

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Yang H, Saitou T, Komeda Y, Harada H, Kamada H (1997) Arabidopsis thaliana ECP63 encoding a LEA protein is located in chromosome 4. Gene 184:83–88

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Yasuda H, Nakajiima M, Ito T, Ohwada T, Masuda H (2001) Partial characterization of genes whose transcripts accumulate preferentially in cell clusters in the early stages of carrot somatic embryogenesis. Plant Mol Biol 45:705–712

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Zhu C, Kamada H, Harada H, He M, Hao S (1997) Isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoded an embryogenic cell protein-63 related to embryogenesis from carrot. Acta Bot Sin 39:1091–1098

    Google Scholar 

  90. Zimmerman JL (1993) Somatic embryogenesis. Plant Cell 5:1411–1423

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Zimmerman JL, Apuya N, Darwish K, O'Caroll C (1989) Novel regulation of heat shock genes during carrot somatic embryo development. Plant Cell 1:1137–1146

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Plant Cell Culture Technology Section, Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India

    P. Suprasanna & V. A. Bapat

Authors
  1. P. Suprasanna
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. V. A. Bapat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to P. Suprasanna .

Editor information

A. Mujib Jozef Šamaj

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Suprasanna, P., Bapat, V.A. Differential Gene Expression During Somatic Embryogenesis. In: Mujib, A., Šamaj, J. (eds) Somatic Embryogenesis. Plant Cell Monographs, vol 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/7089_038

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation